This thesis examines the principle of self-determination of Indigenous peoples in South America and the protection of their collective rights, with particular attention to the contemporary relevance and urgency of this issue. In recent years, South America has been the setting for territorial conflicts and constitutional reform processes that have brought Indigenous claims to the forefront of political and legal debate. The study adopts a comparative research methodology and is developed through an in-depth legal and political analysis, combined with the selection of two case studies that underscore both the legal significance of the issue and the diversity of political and institutional contexts. Bolivia and Brazil were selected as emblematic cases representing differing approaches to the integration of Indigenous rights: Bolivia, with its plurinational state model and advanced recognition of Indigenous autonomies; and Brazil, characterised by a more centralised institutional framework and persistent tensions between formal recognition and effective implementation. Following a reconstruction of the evolution of the concept of self-determination and an examination of the international legal framework — ranging from the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) to ILO Convention No. 169 and the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights — the research evaluates the relationship between legal recognition and empirical reality, with specific reference to the mechanisms through which constitutional provisions are implemented. The final section of the thesis discusses the structural factors that explain the persistence of this gap, as well as the role of international institutions. The conclusions identify potential reform pathways and alternative governance models aimed at strengthening Indigenous self-determination, while also acknowledging the limitations of the research.
Questa tesi vuole analizzare il principio di autodeterminazione dei popoli indigeni in Sud America e la relativa tutela dei loro diritti collettivi cercando di porre particolare attenzione all’attualità e all’urgenza della questione. La regione sudamericana è stata, negli ultimi anni, teatro di conflitti territoriali e di processi di riforma costituzionale che pongono in primo piano le rivendicazioni indigene. Questo lavoro adotta un metodo di ricerca comparato, e si sviluppa a partire da un’analisi giuridico-politica approfondita e sulla selezione di due casi studio (che segnalano la rilevanza giuridica e la diversità dei vari contesti politico-istituzionali.) In particolare, sono stati scelti Bolivia e Brasile, paesi emblematici per quanto riguarda la pluralità degli approcci all’integrazione dei diritti indigeni: la Bolivia, con il suo modello di Stato plurinazionale e l’avanzato riconoscimento delle autonomie delle popolazioni indigene; il Brasile, con un apparato più integrato e tensioni costanti tra riconoscimento formale e realizzazione effettiva. Dopo aver ricostruito l’evoluzione del concetto di autodeterminazione e il quadro normativo internazionale – dalla Dichiarazione ONU sui popoli indigeni (UNDRIP) alla Convenzione ILO n.169 e alla giurisprudenza della Corte Interamericana dei Diritti Umani – la ricerca permette di valutare il rapporto tra riconoscimento giuridico e realtà empirica, nello specifico individuando i metodi di applicazione delle costituzioni. Nella parte finale della tesi vengono discussi i fattori strutturali che spiegano la persistenza del divario e il ruolo delle istituzioni internazionali. Le conclusioni individuano dei possibili percorsi di riforma e modelli alternativi di governance mirati a rafforzare l’autodeterminazione indigena, segnalando comunque i limiti della ricerca.
AUTODETERMINAZIONE E TUTELA DEI DIRITTI COLLETTIVI DEI POPOLI INDIGENI IN SUD AMERICA: CASI BOLIVIA E BRASILE
IOVINE, MARIA LAURA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the principle of self-determination of Indigenous peoples in South America and the protection of their collective rights, with particular attention to the contemporary relevance and urgency of this issue. In recent years, South America has been the setting for territorial conflicts and constitutional reform processes that have brought Indigenous claims to the forefront of political and legal debate. The study adopts a comparative research methodology and is developed through an in-depth legal and political analysis, combined with the selection of two case studies that underscore both the legal significance of the issue and the diversity of political and institutional contexts. Bolivia and Brazil were selected as emblematic cases representing differing approaches to the integration of Indigenous rights: Bolivia, with its plurinational state model and advanced recognition of Indigenous autonomies; and Brazil, characterised by a more centralised institutional framework and persistent tensions between formal recognition and effective implementation. Following a reconstruction of the evolution of the concept of self-determination and an examination of the international legal framework — ranging from the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) to ILO Convention No. 169 and the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights — the research evaluates the relationship between legal recognition and empirical reality, with specific reference to the mechanisms through which constitutional provisions are implemented. The final section of the thesis discusses the structural factors that explain the persistence of this gap, as well as the role of international institutions. The conclusions identify potential reform pathways and alternative governance models aimed at strengthening Indigenous self-determination, while also acknowledging the limitations of the research.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104393