This thesis examines the role of Frontex, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice of the European Union, with particular attention to the implications of its activities for the protection of migrants’ fundamental rights. Established in 2004 with primarily coordinating functions among Member States, Frontex has progressively expanded its mandate, evolving into a central operational actor in the management of the EU’s external borders, especially following the reforms adopted in 2016 and 2019. This development forms part of a broader process of securitisation of European migration policies, in which border control has become a key priority. At the same time, the expansion of the Agency’s operational powers has been accompanied by significant criticism, notably concerning allegations of illegal pushbacks, violations of the principle of non-refoulement, lack of transparency, and shortcomings in accountability mechanisms. The thesis therefore seeks to assess whether the current legal and institutional framework governing Frontex is capable of ensuring effective protection of fundamental rights, or whether structural deficits of accountability persist, making it difficult to identify responsibility in cases of violations. The analysis is situated within the broader academic debate on the balance between border security and the protection of fundamental rights in the European Union.
La tesi ha come obiettivo principale quello di analizzare il ruolo di Frontex, Agenzia europea della guardia di frontiera e costiera, nel quadro dello Spazio di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia dell’Unione europea, concentrandosi in particolare sulle implicazioni delle sue attività in materia di tutela dei diritti fondamentali dei migranti. Istituita nel 2004 con funzioni prevalentemente di coordinamento tra gli Stati membri, Frontex ha progressivamente ampliato il proprio mandato, fino a trasformarsi in un attore operativo centrale nella gestione delle frontiere esterne dell’UE, soprattutto a seguito delle riforme del 2016 e del 2019. Questo rafforzamento si inserisce in un più ampio processo di securitizzazione delle politiche migratorie europee, in cui il controllo delle frontiere assume un ruolo prioritario. Tuttavia, l’espansione dei poteri operativi dell’Agenzia è stata accompagnata da numerose critiche, in particolare per quanto riguarda pratiche di respingimento illegale, violazioni del principio di non-refoulement, carenze di trasparenza e limiti nei meccanismi di responsabilità. La tesi si propone quindi di valutare se l’attuale struttura giuridica e istituzionale di Frontex sia adeguata a garantire un’effettiva tutela dei diritti fondamentali, oppure se persistano deficit strutturali di accountability che rendono difficile l’individuazione delle responsabilità in caso di violazioni. L’analisi si colloca nel dibattito dottrinale sul bilanciamento tra sicurezza delle frontiere e protezione dei diritti umani nell’Unione europea.
Accountability e diritti fondamentali nell’azione di Frontex alle frontiere esterne dell’Unione europea
HANNIOUI, WISSAL
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the role of Frontex, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice of the European Union, with particular attention to the implications of its activities for the protection of migrants’ fundamental rights. Established in 2004 with primarily coordinating functions among Member States, Frontex has progressively expanded its mandate, evolving into a central operational actor in the management of the EU’s external borders, especially following the reforms adopted in 2016 and 2019. This development forms part of a broader process of securitisation of European migration policies, in which border control has become a key priority. At the same time, the expansion of the Agency’s operational powers has been accompanied by significant criticism, notably concerning allegations of illegal pushbacks, violations of the principle of non-refoulement, lack of transparency, and shortcomings in accountability mechanisms. The thesis therefore seeks to assess whether the current legal and institutional framework governing Frontex is capable of ensuring effective protection of fundamental rights, or whether structural deficits of accountability persist, making it difficult to identify responsibility in cases of violations. The analysis is situated within the broader academic debate on the balance between border security and the protection of fundamental rights in the European Union.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104452