3D bioprinting is an innovative technology that has revolutionized tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Through a layer-by-layer fabrication process, it enables the precise assembly of biological materials, including living cells, to create complex structures that closely mimic the architecture and functionality of human tissues. A central role in this field is played by the development of hydrogel-based bioinks, such as GelMA (gelatin methacryloyl), valued for its high water content, biocompatibility, and tunable mechanical properties. This thesis focuses on the optimization of GelMA-based bioinks, with particular attention to the comparison between two photoinitiators: LAP (lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate) and Irgacure 2959, in order to evaluate their effectiveness and influence on the final properties of hydrogels intended for 3D bioprinting. The goal was to identify the most suitable photoinitiator system for achieving stable and functional constructs for tissue engineering applications. To this end, extensive material characterization was performed, including swelling and degradation tests to assess long-term stability, and FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) to evaluate solute diffusivity within the hydrogels. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the Young’s modulus, providing insights into the stiffness of constructs photocrosslinked with the two photoinitiators. Finally, biological validation was conducted by assessing cell viability, proliferation, and functionality within the bioprinted hydrogels to verify the biocompatibility and suitability of each system. The results highlighted significant differences between LAP and Irgacure in terms of mechanical properties, stability, and cellular response, allowing the identification of the most effective photoinitiator for bioprinting applications. This research contributes to the refinement of GelMA-based bioinks for the fabrication of complex tissue models, opening new perspectives for the development of more reliable and biologically relevant systems.
La biostampa 3D rappresenta una tecnologia innovativa che ha rivoluzionato l’ingegneria tissutale e la medicina rigenerativa. Grazie a un processo di costruzione strato per strato, consente di assemblare con precisione materiali biologici, comprese cellule viventi, per creare strutture complesse in grado di imitare l’architettura e la funzionalità dei tessuti umani. Un ruolo centrale in questo ambito è svolto dallo sviluppo di bioinchiostri a base di idrogel, come la GelMA (gelatina metacrilata), apprezzata per il suo elevato contenuto d’acqua, la biocompatibilità e la possibilità di modulare le proprietà meccaniche. Questa tesi si focalizza sull’ottimizzazione di bioinchiostri a base di GelMA, con particolare attenzione al confronto tra due fotoiniziatori: LAP (lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate) e Irgacure 2959, al fine di valutarne l’efficacia e l’influenza sulle proprietà finali degli idrogel destinati alla biostampa 3D. L’obiettivo è stato identificare il sistema fotoiniziatore più adatto per ottenere costrutti stabili e funzionali per applicazioni di ingegneria tissutale. A tale scopo sono stati condotti test approfonditi sui materiali, tra cui prove di rigonfiamento e degradazione per valutare la stabilità nel tempo, e FRAP (recupero della fluorescenza dopo photobleaching) per determinare la diffusività dei soluti all’interno degli idrogel. La microscopia a forza atomica (AFM) ha permesso di misurare il modulo di Young, fornendo informazioni sulla rigidità dei costrutti fotopolimerizzati con i due fotoiniziatori. Infine, è stata realizzata una validazione biologica valutando la vitalità, la proliferazione e la funzionalità delle cellule incapsulate negli idrogel biostampati, per verificare la biocompatibilità e l’idoneità del sistema. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato differenze significative tra LAP e Irgacure in termini di proprietà meccaniche, stabilità e risposta cellulare, permettendo di individuare il fotoiniziatore più performante per applicazioni di biostampa. Questa ricerca contribuisce al perfezionamento di bioinchiostri a base di GelMA per la fabbricazione di modelli di tessuti complessi, aprendo nuove prospettive per lo sviluppo di sistemi più affidabili e biologicamente rilevanti.
Studio comparativo di due fotoiniziatori per GelMA: effetti sulle proprietà dell’idrogel
HAMMOUCH, WIAM
2025/2026
Abstract
3D bioprinting is an innovative technology that has revolutionized tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Through a layer-by-layer fabrication process, it enables the precise assembly of biological materials, including living cells, to create complex structures that closely mimic the architecture and functionality of human tissues. A central role in this field is played by the development of hydrogel-based bioinks, such as GelMA (gelatin methacryloyl), valued for its high water content, biocompatibility, and tunable mechanical properties. This thesis focuses on the optimization of GelMA-based bioinks, with particular attention to the comparison between two photoinitiators: LAP (lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate) and Irgacure 2959, in order to evaluate their effectiveness and influence on the final properties of hydrogels intended for 3D bioprinting. The goal was to identify the most suitable photoinitiator system for achieving stable and functional constructs for tissue engineering applications. To this end, extensive material characterization was performed, including swelling and degradation tests to assess long-term stability, and FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) to evaluate solute diffusivity within the hydrogels. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the Young’s modulus, providing insights into the stiffness of constructs photocrosslinked with the two photoinitiators. Finally, biological validation was conducted by assessing cell viability, proliferation, and functionality within the bioprinted hydrogels to verify the biocompatibility and suitability of each system. The results highlighted significant differences between LAP and Irgacure in terms of mechanical properties, stability, and cellular response, allowing the identification of the most effective photoinitiator for bioprinting applications. This research contributes to the refinement of GelMA-based bioinks for the fabrication of complex tissue models, opening new perspectives for the development of more reliable and biologically relevant systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104565