This thesis examines the relationship between diplomacy and ethics in international relations during the twentieth century and the contemporary era, with particular attention to contexts marked by serious human rights violations and authoritarian regimes. Starting from a theoretical reflection on the nature of diplomatic action and its ethical limits, the study challenges the idea of diplomacy based exclusively on national interest and formal neutrality, highlighting how choices of silence, tolerance, or non-intervention also entail moral responsibility. A central role in the analysis is attributed to the concepts of historical memory and collective memory, as elaborated by Maurice Halbwachs, understood as fundamental tools for examining how societies process the past and attribute political and moral responsibility. From this perspective, the memory of the military dictatorships in Argentina and Chile is analyzed as a privileged ground for reflecting on the ambiguities of international diplomatic action and on the omissions of the international community in the face of systematic human rights violations. The thesis also focuses on the case of Enrico Calamai, an Italian diplomat who, during the military dictatorships in Latin America, chose to assume personal moral responsibility by acting in defense of victims of political repression. His actions are interpreted as a significant example of ethical responsibility in diplomacy, highlighting the space, albeit limited, of individual conscience within institutional structures. By combining theoretical reflection, analysis of the memory of the dictatorships, and the study of an emblematic case, this work investigates the possibility of a responsible and ethical diplomacy, questioning the limits of a purely pragmatic approach and emphasizing the role of memory as a critical tool for guiding future diplomatic practices.
La presente tesi analizza il rapporto tra diplomazia ed etica nelle relazioni internazionali del Novecento e dell’età contemporanea, ponendo particolare attenzione ai contesti segnati da gravi violazioni dei diritti umani e da regimi autoritari. Partendo da una riflessione teorica sulla natura dell’azione diplomatica e sui suoi limiti etici, il lavoro mette in discussione l’idea di una diplomazia fondata esclusivamente sull’interesse nazionale e sulla neutralità formale, evidenziando come anche le scelte di silenzio, tolleranza o non intervento comportino una responsabilità morale. Un ruolo centrale nell’analisi è attribuito ai concetti di memoria storica e memoria collettiva, così come elaborati da Maurice Halbwachs, intesi come strumenti fondamentali per comprendere il modo in cui le società elaborano il passato e attribuiscono responsabilità politiche e morali. In questa prospettiva, la memoria delle dittature militari in Argentina e in Cile viene analizzata come un terreno privilegiato per riflettere sulle ambiguità dell’azione diplomatica internazionale e sulle omissioni della comunità internazionale di fronte a violazioni sistematiche dei diritti umani. La tesi si concentra inoltre sul caso di Enrico Calamai, diplomatico italiano che, durante le dittature in America Latina, scelse di assumersi una responsabilità morale personale, operando in favore delle vittime della repressione. Il suo operato viene interpretato come un esempio significativo di etica responsabile nella diplomazia, capace di mettere in luce lo spazio, seppur limitato, della coscienza individuale all’interno delle strutture istituzionali. Attraverso l’intreccio tra riflessione teorica, analisi della memoria delle dittature e studio di un caso emblematico, il lavoro si interroga sulla possibilità di fondare una diplomazia etica e responsabile, interrogandosi sui limiti di un approccio puramente pragmatico e sul ruolo della memoria come strumento critico per orientare le pratiche diplomatiche future.
Diplomazia, etica e memoria collettiva: le dittature di Argentina e Cile e il caso di Enrico Calamai
CUOGHI, VITTORIA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the relationship between diplomacy and ethics in international relations during the twentieth century and the contemporary era, with particular attention to contexts marked by serious human rights violations and authoritarian regimes. Starting from a theoretical reflection on the nature of diplomatic action and its ethical limits, the study challenges the idea of diplomacy based exclusively on national interest and formal neutrality, highlighting how choices of silence, tolerance, or non-intervention also entail moral responsibility. A central role in the analysis is attributed to the concepts of historical memory and collective memory, as elaborated by Maurice Halbwachs, understood as fundamental tools for examining how societies process the past and attribute political and moral responsibility. From this perspective, the memory of the military dictatorships in Argentina and Chile is analyzed as a privileged ground for reflecting on the ambiguities of international diplomatic action and on the omissions of the international community in the face of systematic human rights violations. The thesis also focuses on the case of Enrico Calamai, an Italian diplomat who, during the military dictatorships in Latin America, chose to assume personal moral responsibility by acting in defense of victims of political repression. His actions are interpreted as a significant example of ethical responsibility in diplomacy, highlighting the space, albeit limited, of individual conscience within institutional structures. By combining theoretical reflection, analysis of the memory of the dictatorships, and the study of an emblematic case, this work investigates the possibility of a responsible and ethical diplomacy, questioning the limits of a purely pragmatic approach and emphasizing the role of memory as a critical tool for guiding future diplomatic practices.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104616