The evolution of Turkish foreign policy, from the mid-twentieth century to the early 2000s, is characterized by a constant tension between anchorage to the West and a parallel aspiration for strategic autonomy. This study analyzes this dialectic along a trajectory that distinguishes structural continuities from ruptures with the past. Membership in NATO has represented for Turkey the principal pillar of national security, yet it has never entailed total subordination to Washington’s orientations. On the contrary, Ankara has consistently calibrated its participation in the Alliance according to its own national interests. The tensions that emerged during the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the refusal to allow the use of its bases during the Yom Kippur War (1973), and, even more significantly, the military intervention in Cyprus (1974) attest to the emergence of an autonomous line, capable of calling into question the cohesion of NATO’s southern flank itself. This trajectory of growing assertiveness reaches a turning point with the rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP). The analysis focuses on this crucial phase, in which Turkish foreign policy—while resolutely pursuing the objective of accession to the European Union—begins to be redefined by the doctrine of “strategic depth.” The Turkish Parliament’s refusal, in 2003, to authorize the transit of United States troops bound for Iraq was not an isolated episode, but rather the signal of a profound transformation: the shift from integrated ally to autonomous geopolitical pivot between the West, the Islamic world, and Central Asia. The thesis therefore concludes on the threshold of 2005, at a moment when Ankara approached negotiations with the EU strengthened by a new status, yet already bearing that strategic ambiguity that would come to define its future choices: a constant oscillation between pragmatism and ideology, between a European vocation and resurgent ambitions of power.
L’evoluzione della politica estera turca, dalla metà del XX secolo ai primi anni Duemila, è caratterizzata da una tensione costante tra l’ancoraggio all’Occidente e la parallela aspirazione all’autonomia strategica. Il presente lavoro analizza questa dialettica lungo un percorso che distingue le continuità strutturali dalle fratture con il passato. L’appartenenza alla NATO ha rappresentato per la Turchia il principale pilastro della sicurezza nazionale, ma non ha mai comportato una subordinazione totale agli orientamenti di Washington. Al contrario, Ankara ha costantemente calibrato la propria partecipazione all’Alleanza in funzione dei propri interessi nazionali. Le tensioni emerse durante la crisi dei missili di Cuba (1962), il rifiuto di consentire l’uso delle basi durante la guerra dello Yom Kippur (1973) e, in misura ancor più significativa, l’intervento militare a Cipro (1974) testimoniano l’emergere di una linea autonoma, capace di mettere in discussione la coesione stessa del fianco meridionale della NATO. Questa traiettoria di crescente assertività trova un punto di svolta con l’ascesa dell’AKP. L’analisi si concentra su questa fase cruciale, in cui la politica estera turca, pur perseguendo con determinazione l’obiettivo dell’adesione all’Unione Europea, inizia a essere ridefinita dalla dottrina della “profondità strategica”. Il rifiuto del Parlamento turco, nel 2003, di autorizzare il passaggio delle truppe statunitensi dirette in Iraq non fu un episodio isolato, ma il segnale di una trasformazione profonda: il passaggio da alleato integrato a perno geopolitico autonomo tra Occidente, mondo islamico e Asia centrale. La tesi si conclude quindi alla soglia del 2005, momento in cui Ankara si affaccia ai negoziati con l'UE forte di un nuovo status, ma già portatrice di quella ambiguità strategica che ne definirà le scelte future: un'oscillazione costante tra pragmatismo e ideologia, tra vocazione europea e risorgenti ambizioni di potenza.
Tra Occidente e aspirazioni autonome: l'evoluzione della politica estera della Turchia dal secondo dopoguerra ai primi anni Duemila
FRATER, EDOARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
The evolution of Turkish foreign policy, from the mid-twentieth century to the early 2000s, is characterized by a constant tension between anchorage to the West and a parallel aspiration for strategic autonomy. This study analyzes this dialectic along a trajectory that distinguishes structural continuities from ruptures with the past. Membership in NATO has represented for Turkey the principal pillar of national security, yet it has never entailed total subordination to Washington’s orientations. On the contrary, Ankara has consistently calibrated its participation in the Alliance according to its own national interests. The tensions that emerged during the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the refusal to allow the use of its bases during the Yom Kippur War (1973), and, even more significantly, the military intervention in Cyprus (1974) attest to the emergence of an autonomous line, capable of calling into question the cohesion of NATO’s southern flank itself. This trajectory of growing assertiveness reaches a turning point with the rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP). The analysis focuses on this crucial phase, in which Turkish foreign policy—while resolutely pursuing the objective of accession to the European Union—begins to be redefined by the doctrine of “strategic depth.” The Turkish Parliament’s refusal, in 2003, to authorize the transit of United States troops bound for Iraq was not an isolated episode, but rather the signal of a profound transformation: the shift from integrated ally to autonomous geopolitical pivot between the West, the Islamic world, and Central Asia. The thesis therefore concludes on the threshold of 2005, at a moment when Ankara approached negotiations with the EU strengthened by a new status, yet already bearing that strategic ambiguity that would come to define its future choices: a constant oscillation between pragmatism and ideology, between a European vocation and resurgent ambitions of power.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Tra Occidente e aspirazioni autonome. L’evoluzione della politica estera della Turchia dal secondo dopoguerra ai primi anni Duemila..pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
614.28 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
614.28 kB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104628