Endurance training is characterized by a wide range of methodologies aimed at improving performance and the ability to sustain prolonged exercise. In recent years, particular attention has been given to training performed at submaximal and moderate intensities, commonly referred to as Zone 2, due to its role in the development of the aerobic base and the associated physiological and metabolic adaptations. The aim of this narrative review is to analyze the importance of Zone 2 training in endurance sports, describing its physiological placement within training intensity models and the main adaptations it induces. In particular, the concepts of maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds, and lactate thresholds are examined, as these also represent the primary methods used to determine exercise intensity. Furthermore, several fundamental biochemical aspects are analyzed, including the role of lactate as an energy substrate rather than a waste product, fat oxidation, and mitochondrial adaptations induced by continuous aerobic exercise. Overall, Zone 2 training emerges as an effective and sustainable tool for improving aerobic capacity and performance in endurance sports.
L’allenamento di endurance è caratterizzato da un’ampia varietà di metodologie finalizzate al miglioramento della performance e della capacità di sostenere esercizi di lunga durata. Negli ultimi anni, particolare attenzione è stata rivolta all’allenamento svolto a intensità submassimali e moderate, definite come Zona 2, per il suo ruolo nello sviluppo della base aerobica e negli adattamenti fisiologici e metabolici che ne conseguono. Lo scopo di questa tesi compilativa è analizzare l’importanza dell’allenamento in Zona 2 negli sport di endurance, descrivendone la collocazione fisiologica all’interno dei modelli di intensità di allenamento e i principali adattamenti indotti. In particolare, vengono approfonditi i concetti di consumo massimo di ossigeno, soglie ventilatorie e del lattato, che sono anche i metodi utilizzati per la determinazione dell’intensità di esercizio. Vengono inoltre analizzati alcuni aspetti biochimici fondamentali, quali il ruolo del lattato come substrato energetico e non di scarto, l’ossidazione dei grassi e gli adattamenti mitocondriali dati dall’esercizio aerobico continuo. L’allenamento in Zona 2 può essere utilizzato come uno strumento efficace e sostenibile per il miglioramento della capacità aerobica e della performance negli sport di endurance.
RUOLO E BENEFICI DELL'ALLENAMENTO IN ZONA 2 NEGLI SPORT DI ENDURANCE
MIHALACHE, MIHAI
2025/2026
Abstract
Endurance training is characterized by a wide range of methodologies aimed at improving performance and the ability to sustain prolonged exercise. In recent years, particular attention has been given to training performed at submaximal and moderate intensities, commonly referred to as Zone 2, due to its role in the development of the aerobic base and the associated physiological and metabolic adaptations. The aim of this narrative review is to analyze the importance of Zone 2 training in endurance sports, describing its physiological placement within training intensity models and the main adaptations it induces. In particular, the concepts of maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds, and lactate thresholds are examined, as these also represent the primary methods used to determine exercise intensity. Furthermore, several fundamental biochemical aspects are analyzed, including the role of lactate as an energy substrate rather than a waste product, fat oxidation, and mitochondrial adaptations induced by continuous aerobic exercise. Overall, Zone 2 training emerges as an effective and sustainable tool for improving aerobic capacity and performance in endurance sports.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104658