Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, commonly known by the acronym ETA, was one of the actors that most profoundly influenced the Basque socio-political context and, more broadly, the Spanish one from the 1960s to the first decade of the twenty-first century. Originally formed in Bilbao by a group of university students as a response to the repressive policies of Franco’s regime, ETA was forced, due to the democratic Transition, to reshape its communicative strategy without ceasing its armed activity, which came to a definitive end only in 2011. Held responsible for more than eight hundred deaths, ETA’s actions constituted the most radical and violent expression of a long-standing autonomist sentiment that has always regarded culture, language, and traditions as indispensable values to be defended. This study aims to examine the consequences of the fifty years of armed struggle conducted by ETA, retracing the historical, cultural, and political dynamics that led to its emergence, development, and decline, identifying the wounds it inflicted upon Basque society, and exploring issues related to the organization's historical memory that remain unresolved and continue to fuel political and social debates. The present work is organized into three chapters, each addressing a different aspect of the Basque conflict. The first chapter retraces the entire trajectory of the organization, from its origins to its dissolution. The second chapter analyzes themes connected to the “batalla por el relato” (the “struggle” between the State’s institutional narrative and that based on the “conflict theory” supported by the Basque independence left); while the third and final chapter examines the role of the victims, those who personally experienced the suffering resulting from the clash between ETA and the State.
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, comunemente nota con l’acronimo ETA, è stata uno degli attori che hanno maggiormente influenzato il contesto socio-politico basco e, più in generale, spagnolo dagli anni Sessanta al primo decennio degli anni Duemila. Nata come reazione di un gruppo di universitari di Bilbao alle politiche oppressive del regime franchista, a seguito della Transición democratica ETA dovette rimodulare la propria strategia comunicativa, senza tuttavia rinunciare all’attività armata, conclusasi definitivamente solo nel 2011. Ritenuta responsabile di oltre ottocento morti, l’azione di ETA ha rappresentato l’espressione più radicale e violenta di un antico sentimento autonomista, che ha sempre individuato nella propria cultura, nella propria lingua e nelle proprie tradizioni dei valori irrinunciabili da difendere. Il presente studio si propone di approfondire le conseguenze dei cinquant’anni di lotta armata condotta da ETA, ripercorrendo le dinamiche storiche, culturali e politiche che ne hanno determinato la nascita, lo sviluppo e il declino, individuando le ferite che essa ha generato all’interno della società basca, e indagando sulle questioni legate alla memoria storica dell’organizzazione che tuttora restano irrisolte e alimentano costanti dibattiti a livello politico e sociale. L’elaborato si articola in tre capitoli, ciascuno dei quali si focalizza su un aspetto differente del conflitto basco. Il primo capitolo ripercorre l’intera parabola dell’organizzazione, dalle origini fino allo scioglimento; la seconda sezione si concentra sui temi legati alla “batalla por el relato” (la “lotta” tra la narrazione istituzionale dello Stato e quella basata sulla “teoria del conflitto” sostenuta dalla sinistra indipendentista basca); mentre la terza e ultima parte si propone di approfondire il ruolo delle vittime, coloro che hanno vissuto in prima persona le sofferenze causate dallo scontro tra ETA e lo Stato.
L’eredità di ETA tra violenza politica, tutela delle vittime e politiche della memoria: la batalla por el relato nella società basca
CESARI, RICCARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, commonly known by the acronym ETA, was one of the actors that most profoundly influenced the Basque socio-political context and, more broadly, the Spanish one from the 1960s to the first decade of the twenty-first century. Originally formed in Bilbao by a group of university students as a response to the repressive policies of Franco’s regime, ETA was forced, due to the democratic Transition, to reshape its communicative strategy without ceasing its armed activity, which came to a definitive end only in 2011. Held responsible for more than eight hundred deaths, ETA’s actions constituted the most radical and violent expression of a long-standing autonomist sentiment that has always regarded culture, language, and traditions as indispensable values to be defended. This study aims to examine the consequences of the fifty years of armed struggle conducted by ETA, retracing the historical, cultural, and political dynamics that led to its emergence, development, and decline, identifying the wounds it inflicted upon Basque society, and exploring issues related to the organization's historical memory that remain unresolved and continue to fuel political and social debates. The present work is organized into three chapters, each addressing a different aspect of the Basque conflict. The first chapter retraces the entire trajectory of the organization, from its origins to its dissolution. The second chapter analyzes themes connected to the “batalla por el relato” (the “struggle” between the State’s institutional narrative and that based on the “conflict theory” supported by the Basque independence left); while the third and final chapter examines the role of the victims, those who personally experienced the suffering resulting from the clash between ETA and the State.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104736