This thesis examines the integration of sustainability obligations into international investment law and the evolving balance between investor protection and sustainable development. It traces the emergence of sustainable development from early soft law instruments, including the Brundtland Report and the Rio Declaration, to its gradual incorporation into binding regulatory frameworks such as new-generation bilateral investment treaties and EU legislation. The research compares traditional BITs, primarily focused on protecting investors, with recent agreements that include environmental and social clauses, right-to-regulate provisions and references to sustainable development. Particular attention is given to the Morocco-Nigeria BIT, the Indian Model BIT, CETA, the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement and the modernization of the Energy Charter Treaty. Through selected arbitral decisions, the thesis assesses how tribunals engage with sustainability arguments and public interest considerations. It concludes that while sustainability language is increasingly present in treaty practice, its practical effectiveness depends on clearer drafting and stronger enforcement mechanisms to ensure a meaningful reconciliation between investment protection and global sustainability commitments.
La presente tesi analizza l’integrazione degli obblighi di sostenibilità nel diritto internazionale degli investimenti e il progressivo bilanciamento tra tutela dell’investitore e obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile. L’elaborato ripercorre l’emergere del concetto di sviluppo sostenibile, dalle sue origini nel soft law internazionale, a partire dal Rapporto Brundtland e dalla Dichiarazione di Rio, fino alla sua progressiva incorporazione in strumenti giuridici vincolanti, inclusi i trattati bilaterali di investimento di nuova generazione e la normativa dell’Unione europea. Lo studio mette a confronto i BIT tradizionali, incentrati prevalentemente sulla protezione dell’investitore, con accordi più recenti che introducono clausole ambientali e sociali, disposizioni sul diritto di regolamentazione dello Stato e riferimenti espliciti allo sviluppo sostenibile. Particolare attenzione è dedicata al BIT Marocco–Nigeria, al Model BIT indiano, al CETA, all’Accordo UE–Vietnam e al processo di modernizzazione dell’Energy Charter Treaty. Attraverso l’analisi di decisioni arbitrali selezionate, la tesi evidenzia come l’effettiva incidenza delle clausole di sostenibilità dipenda dalla chiarezza della formulazione e dall’esistenza di meccanismi di attuazione adeguati.
Sustainability in Foreign Investment Law: The Evolution of the Protection of Environmental and Social Interests
NOVELLI, MARTA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the integration of sustainability obligations into international investment law and the evolving balance between investor protection and sustainable development. It traces the emergence of sustainable development from early soft law instruments, including the Brundtland Report and the Rio Declaration, to its gradual incorporation into binding regulatory frameworks such as new-generation bilateral investment treaties and EU legislation. The research compares traditional BITs, primarily focused on protecting investors, with recent agreements that include environmental and social clauses, right-to-regulate provisions and references to sustainable development. Particular attention is given to the Morocco-Nigeria BIT, the Indian Model BIT, CETA, the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement and the modernization of the Energy Charter Treaty. Through selected arbitral decisions, the thesis assesses how tribunals engage with sustainability arguments and public interest considerations. It concludes that while sustainability language is increasingly present in treaty practice, its practical effectiveness depends on clearer drafting and stronger enforcement mechanisms to ensure a meaningful reconciliation between investment protection and global sustainability commitments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104742