September 8, 1943, and the signing of the so-called short armistice marked a before and an after in the personal lives and in the broader collective history of six hundred thousand Italian soldiers. Before that moment, Italian troops were fighting side by side with Germany in the Nazi-Fascist war of conquest of Europe, against the Allies. Afterward, they suddenly found themselves on the opposite side of the front, forced to fight back what had previously been their German ally. Alone, without any clear order from the high command, they were left in a state of complete disarray on the battlefield. Many died. Many others—those who did not surrender to the Germans—were first disarmed and then captured and deported to internment camps in Germany, where they were used as labor slaves to serve the war industry of the Third Reich. And once they returned home, after being liberated at the end of the war, the treatment they received was hardly any better. The compensation claims they submitted for the suffering endured during their captivity were ignored for decades: on the one hand, Germany was unwilling to pay the compensation owed, fearing a flood of claims and the need to disburse large sums of money; on the other hand, the Italian government, in order not to jeopardize the principle of state immunity from foreign jurisdiction, consistently showed substantial inertia—if not outright reluctance—in acting as a spokesperson and fighting for the cause of former Italian military internees. This thesis aims to retrace the Italian–German legal dispute from the signing of the armistice and the end of the Second World War up to the present day, which has seen several developments in this field from historical, legal, and memory-politics perspectives.
L’8 settembre 1943 e la firma del cosiddetto armistizio breve hanno segnato un prima e un dopo nelle vicende personali e nella più ampia storia collettiva di seicentomila soldati italiani. Nel prima, i militari italiani combattevano fianco a fianco con la Germania nella guerra nazifascista di conquista dell’Europa, contro gli Alleati. Nel dopo, si sono ritrovati all’improvviso dall’altra parte del fronte, a dover respingere quello che prima era l’alleato tedesco. Soli, senza alcun ordine chiaro dalle alte sfere, allo sbando più totale sul campo di battaglia. Tanti morirono. Molti altri, coloro i quali non si arresero ai tedeschi, furono prima disarmati e poi catturati e deportati nei campi di lavoro in Germania, dove furono impiegati come lavoratori-schiavi per servire l’industria bellica del Terzo Reich. E una volta tornati a casa, dopo essere stati liberati, a guerra conclusa, il trattamento che ricevettero non fu tanto migliore. Le richieste di risarcimento che avanzarono per i danni subiti durante la prigionia furono ignorate per decenni: da una parte la Germania non voleva pagare i dovuti indennizzi, temendo di vedersi inondata di richieste e di dover scucire ingenti somme di denaro. Dall’altra, il governo italiano, pur di non compromettere il principio dell’immunità dello Stato dalla giurisdizione straniera, dimostrò sempre una sostanziale inerzia, se non una certa ritrosia, nel farsi portavoce e nel lottare per la causa degli ex internati militari italiani. In questa tesi ci proponiamo di ripercorrere il contenzioso italo-tedesco dalla fatidica firma dell’armistizio e dalla fine del Secondo conflitto mondiale fino ai giorni nostri, che hanno visto diverse novità in materia, dal punto di vista storico, giuridico e delle politiche della memoria.
Il calvario degli internati militari italiani: una battaglia storica e legale dalla guerra fino ai giorni nostri
PAVAN, ELEONORA
2025/2026
Abstract
September 8, 1943, and the signing of the so-called short armistice marked a before and an after in the personal lives and in the broader collective history of six hundred thousand Italian soldiers. Before that moment, Italian troops were fighting side by side with Germany in the Nazi-Fascist war of conquest of Europe, against the Allies. Afterward, they suddenly found themselves on the opposite side of the front, forced to fight back what had previously been their German ally. Alone, without any clear order from the high command, they were left in a state of complete disarray on the battlefield. Many died. Many others—those who did not surrender to the Germans—were first disarmed and then captured and deported to internment camps in Germany, where they were used as labor slaves to serve the war industry of the Third Reich. And once they returned home, after being liberated at the end of the war, the treatment they received was hardly any better. The compensation claims they submitted for the suffering endured during their captivity were ignored for decades: on the one hand, Germany was unwilling to pay the compensation owed, fearing a flood of claims and the need to disburse large sums of money; on the other hand, the Italian government, in order not to jeopardize the principle of state immunity from foreign jurisdiction, consistently showed substantial inertia—if not outright reluctance—in acting as a spokesperson and fighting for the cause of former Italian military internees. This thesis aims to retrace the Italian–German legal dispute from the signing of the armistice and the end of the Second World War up to the present day, which has seen several developments in this field from historical, legal, and memory-politics perspectives.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104744