This thesis analyzes the role of hydrogen as an energy carrier in the transition toward a more sustainable and decarbonized energy system, with particular attention to storage technologies, a key element for its large-scale deployment. After an introductory overview of the current energy landscape and the reasons that make hydrogen a strategic resource for the future, the main production pathways (from fossil and renewable sources) and their related energy and environmental balances are examined. The work then focuses on the engineering and technological challenges associated with hydrogen storage, analyzing both currently available solutions and those under development. The main storage systems are compared: physical-mechanical (compressed gas and cryogenic liquid), material-based (metal hydrides and porous materials), and chemical storage, evaluating their performance, energy efficiency, safety, costs, and application impacts. A central part of the thesis is devoted to a detailed analysis of individual storage systems, exploring operating principles, materials employed, thermal and mechanical management issues, and relevant regulatory frameworks. The investigation highlights current technological limitations, such as low energy density or cycling difficulties in materials, while also presenting the prospects offered by recent research on nanomaterials, composites, and hybrid solutions. Finally, the comparative analysis among different technologies makes it possible to identify the most suitable selection criteria for specific applications, highlighting the economic, regulatory, and safety challenges that still need to be addressed. The conclusions summarize the main findings and propose engineering considerations regarding future developments in hydrogen storage, confirming its potential as an essential component of a cleaner, more efficient, and sustainable energy system.
La presente tesi analizza il ruolo dell’idrogeno come vettore energetico nel contesto della transizione verso un sistema più sostenibile e decarbonizzato, ponendo particolare attenzione alle tecnologie di stoccaggio, elemento chiave per la sua diffusione su larga scala. Dopo una panoramica introduttiva sul quadro energetico attuale e sulle motivazioni che rendono l’idrogeno una risorsa strategica per il futuro, vengono esaminate le principali modalità di produzione (da fonti fossili e rinnovabili) e il relativo bilancio energetico e ambientale. L’elaborato si concentra quindi sulle problematiche ingegneristiche e tecnologiche legate allo stoccaggio dell’idrogeno, analizzando le soluzioni oggi disponibili e in via di sviluppo. Vengono confrontati i principali sistemi di accumulo: fisico-meccanico (gas compresso e liquido criogenico), material-based (idruri metallici e materiali porosi) e chimico, valutandone prestazioni, efficienza energetica, sicurezza, costi e impatti applicativi. Una parte centrale del lavoro è dedicata all’analisi dettagliata dei singoli sistemi di stoccaggio, approfondendo i principi di funzionamento, i materiali impiegati, le problematiche di gestione termica e meccanica e le normative di riferimento. L’indagine mette in evidenza i limiti tecnologici attuali, come la bassa densità energetica o le difficoltà di ciclicità nei materiali, ma anche le prospettive offerte dalle ricerche più recenti su nanomateriali, compositi e soluzioni ibride. Infine, l’analisi comparativa tra le diverse tecnologie permette di identificare i criteri di scelta più adatti per applicazioni specifiche evidenziando le sfide economiche, normative e di sicurezza ancora da superare. Le conclusioni sintetizzano i risultati principali e propongono considerazioni ingegneristiche sui futuri sviluppi dello stoccaggio dell’idrogeno, confermandone il potenziale come componente essenziale di un sistema energetico più pulito, efficiente e sostenibile.
Tecnologie di produzione e stoccaggio dell’idrogeno: analisi ingegneristica, criticità e prospettive per la transizione energetica
SANTOLIN, PIETRO
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the role of hydrogen as an energy carrier in the transition toward a more sustainable and decarbonized energy system, with particular attention to storage technologies, a key element for its large-scale deployment. After an introductory overview of the current energy landscape and the reasons that make hydrogen a strategic resource for the future, the main production pathways (from fossil and renewable sources) and their related energy and environmental balances are examined. The work then focuses on the engineering and technological challenges associated with hydrogen storage, analyzing both currently available solutions and those under development. The main storage systems are compared: physical-mechanical (compressed gas and cryogenic liquid), material-based (metal hydrides and porous materials), and chemical storage, evaluating their performance, energy efficiency, safety, costs, and application impacts. A central part of the thesis is devoted to a detailed analysis of individual storage systems, exploring operating principles, materials employed, thermal and mechanical management issues, and relevant regulatory frameworks. The investigation highlights current technological limitations, such as low energy density or cycling difficulties in materials, while also presenting the prospects offered by recent research on nanomaterials, composites, and hybrid solutions. Finally, the comparative analysis among different technologies makes it possible to identify the most suitable selection criteria for specific applications, highlighting the economic, regulatory, and safety challenges that still need to be addressed. The conclusions summarize the main findings and propose engineering considerations regarding future developments in hydrogen storage, confirming its potential as an essential component of a cleaner, more efficient, and sustainable energy system.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104757