Background: Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology, which typically affects people between 20 and 40 years; despite that, its incidence in pediatric population is constantly increasing, especially in industrialized Countries. A particularly aggressive variant of this disease is the one that affects the perianal region, which can lead to the formation of hard-to-treat complex anal fistulas. To face this complication, the use of endoultrasonography (EUS) is well established in the adult population, as it is a very useful diagnostic mean for the study of the anal canal and for the evaluation of the fistulous tract; in addition, it has a possible role in the treatment of the fistulas, guiding seton placement. In pediatric patients it is rarely used due to the size of the instrument and to the need of anaesthesia. Aim of the study: This study aimed at describing the initial experience on the use of EUS in pediatric patients affected by perianal Crohn’s disease in Treviso’s Ca’ Foncello Hospital, since the use of EUS in this specific aspect is barely found in literature. Specifically, the study seeks to assess whether EUS can be used both for the characterization of fistulous tracts (comparing its diagnostic accuracy with pelvic magnetic resonance imaging, the actual gold standard) and as a supportive tool in the surgical management of fistulas, particularly in guiding seton placement. Materials and methods: Patients diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (CD) between 2015 and 2024 and followed at our center’s Pediatric Surgery and Gastroenterological Pediatric Units were retrospectively identified. Among these, only patients who developed a course of CD complicated by perianal fistula were included in the study. Epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic variables were analysed, along with the diagnostic modalities employed for the perianal disease and the medical and surgical treatments administrated. Therefore, a comparison between EUS and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in the evaluation of CD-related perianal disease. Main results: A total of 38 patients with Crohn’s disease were retrieved, of whom 14 (11 males and 3 females) presented with perianal fistulas. The mean age at diagnosis was 132 months (range 108–180), and the mean PCDAI (Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index) score was 38.75 (range 17.5–45). Among these patients, 9 underwent both pelvic MRI and EUS during the first assessment, while 5 were evaluated only with MRI. EUS identified all fistulas detected by MRI and revealed 2 fistulas not visible on MRI. Based on these findings, in our study EUS demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% (12/12 fistulas detected), compared with 88% for MRI (16/18). Furthermore, EUS guidance facilitated optimal seton placement, reducing operative time by 20 minutes. Conclusions: The perianal involvement in patients affected by Crohn’s disease represents a particularly aggressive variant of the disease, requiring an aggressive and early invasive treatment, besides the administration of the biological therapy. This initial experience suggests that EUS can be a feasible method to achieve the finest result for both the characterization of perianal fistulas and for guiding seton placement, offering significant support in the surgical management of pediatric patients.
Background: Il Morbo di Crohn è una patologia infiammatoria cronica intestinale ad eziologia ignota che colpisce prevalentemente i soggetti di età compresa tra i 20 e i 40 anni; nonostante questo, la sua incidenza nella popolazione pediatrica è in continuo aumento, specie nei Paesi industrializzati. Una sua variante particolarmente aggressiva è quella che coinvolge la regione perianale, portando alla formazione di fistole anali molto difficili da trattare. Per la gestione di tale complicanza, l’utilizzo dell’ecoendoscopia endoanale (EUS) è consolidato nella popolazione adulta, in quanto strumento diagnostico molto utile per lo studio del canale anale e per la valutazione del tramite fistoloso, oltre ad avere un possibile ruolo terapeutico guidando il posizionamento del setone. Nei pazienti pediatrici il suo utilizzo è ancora limitato, principalmente per il calibro dello strumento e la necessità di anestesia. Scopo dello studio: Lo studio condotto è volto a descrivere l’esperienza iniziale dell’Ospedale Ca’ Foncello di Treviso con l’EUS nei pazienti pediatrici affetti da Morbo di Crohn perianale, in quanto in letteratura il suo utilizzo in questo contesto è scarsamente rappresentato. In particolare, si vuole verificare che tale strumento possa essere impiegato sia per la caratterizzazione del tramite fistoloso (mettendolo a confronto con la risonanza magnetica pelvica, attuale gold standard) sia come supporto al trattamento chirurgico della fistola stessa nei pazienti pediatrici. Materiali e metodi: Sono stati identificati retrospettivamente i pazienti con diagnosi di Morbo di Crohn (CD) ricevuta tra il 2015 e il 2024 e seguiti presso l’Unità di Chirurgia Pediatrica e di Gastroenterologia Pediatrica del nostro centro. Tra questi pazienti sono stati reclutati nello studio coloro che hanno presentato un decorso di CD complicato da fistola perianale; si è quindi proceduto ad analizzare alcune variabili relative all’epidemiologia, clinica e diagnosi, oltre a valutare le modalità diagnostiche impiegate per la malattia perianale e le terapie (medica e chirurgica) a cui si è ricorso. È stato infine operato un confronto tra EUS e risonanza magnetica (RM) pelvica nella valutazione della malattia perianale legata al CD. Risultati: In totale si sono riscontrati 38 pazienti con diagnosi di Morbo di Crohn, di cui 14 (11 maschi e 3 femmine) si sono presentati con fistola perianale. L’età media alla diagnosi era di 132 mesi (range 108-180) e il PCDAI (Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index) medio di 38,75 (range 17,5-45). Dei pazienti con fistola perianale, durante la prima valutazione 9 sono stati sottoposti sia a RM pelvica sia a EUS, mentre 5 sono stati valutati solo con la RM. La EUS ha riscontrato la fistola in tutti i pazienti nei quali la RM pelvica era positiva e ha individuato due fistole non evidenti alla RM. Questo ha permesso di attribuire nel nostro studio una sensibilità del 100% alla EUS (12/12 fistole rilevate) e dell’88% alla RM (16/18 fistole rilevate). Inoltre, il posizionamento del setone è stato guidato dall’EUS, agevolando l’operatore ed accorciando i tempi operatori di 20 minuti. Conclusioni: Il coinvolgimento perianale nei pazienti affetti da Morbo di Crohn rappresenta una variante particolarmente aggressiva della patologia, che richiede un trattamento intensivo e precocemente invasivo, oltre all’impostazione della terapia con farmaci biologici. La EUS può rappresentare una metodologia possibile sia per ottenere un risultato preciso durante il posizionamento del setone sia per caratterizzare la patologia, offrendo un contributo significativo nella gestione chirurgica dei pazienti pediatrici.
L'utilizzo della ecoendoscopia nei pazienti pediatrici affetti da Morbo di Crohn perianale
LUNARDI, CATERINA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology, which typically affects people between 20 and 40 years; despite that, its incidence in pediatric population is constantly increasing, especially in industrialized Countries. A particularly aggressive variant of this disease is the one that affects the perianal region, which can lead to the formation of hard-to-treat complex anal fistulas. To face this complication, the use of endoultrasonography (EUS) is well established in the adult population, as it is a very useful diagnostic mean for the study of the anal canal and for the evaluation of the fistulous tract; in addition, it has a possible role in the treatment of the fistulas, guiding seton placement. In pediatric patients it is rarely used due to the size of the instrument and to the need of anaesthesia. Aim of the study: This study aimed at describing the initial experience on the use of EUS in pediatric patients affected by perianal Crohn’s disease in Treviso’s Ca’ Foncello Hospital, since the use of EUS in this specific aspect is barely found in literature. Specifically, the study seeks to assess whether EUS can be used both for the characterization of fistulous tracts (comparing its diagnostic accuracy with pelvic magnetic resonance imaging, the actual gold standard) and as a supportive tool in the surgical management of fistulas, particularly in guiding seton placement. Materials and methods: Patients diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (CD) between 2015 and 2024 and followed at our center’s Pediatric Surgery and Gastroenterological Pediatric Units were retrospectively identified. Among these, only patients who developed a course of CD complicated by perianal fistula were included in the study. Epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic variables were analysed, along with the diagnostic modalities employed for the perianal disease and the medical and surgical treatments administrated. Therefore, a comparison between EUS and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in the evaluation of CD-related perianal disease. Main results: A total of 38 patients with Crohn’s disease were retrieved, of whom 14 (11 males and 3 females) presented with perianal fistulas. The mean age at diagnosis was 132 months (range 108–180), and the mean PCDAI (Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index) score was 38.75 (range 17.5–45). Among these patients, 9 underwent both pelvic MRI and EUS during the first assessment, while 5 were evaluated only with MRI. EUS identified all fistulas detected by MRI and revealed 2 fistulas not visible on MRI. Based on these findings, in our study EUS demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% (12/12 fistulas detected), compared with 88% for MRI (16/18). Furthermore, EUS guidance facilitated optimal seton placement, reducing operative time by 20 minutes. Conclusions: The perianal involvement in patients affected by Crohn’s disease represents a particularly aggressive variant of the disease, requiring an aggressive and early invasive treatment, besides the administration of the biological therapy. This initial experience suggests that EUS can be a feasible method to achieve the finest result for both the characterization of perianal fistulas and for guiding seton placement, offering significant support in the surgical management of pediatric patients.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/104910