Technical feasibility of superconductor technology for electric aircraft propulsion

This work analyzes the technical feasibility of a superconductor-based electric propulsion system for civil aviation. This technology is considered as part of the effort to minimize CO2 emissions for the future decarbonization of air travel. Conventional electric systems suffer from limited power-to-weight ratios, making them excessively heavy for air travel. Therefore, the weight advantages and power density of superconductors are deemed an interesting alternative. However, the overall system complexity, cooling requirements, and technical unreadiness of supporting subsystems create significant challenges in the implementation of such technologies. This study is based on a critical bibliographic analysis of recent scientific literature. It outlines the physical properties of superconductors, the main components of a superconducting power system, cryogenic cooling techniques, and significant case studies. For each element considered, its base structure and performance are presented, evaluated, and judged based on readiness or compliance with specific requirements. If needed, the general direction for future developments is suggested. Results indicate that superconducting technology (especially high temperature superconductors) can provide considerable power density and efficiency, making it a viable option in the medium to long term. However, major drawbacks must be mitigated first. Thermal management remains critical, while hydrogen storage and cryogenic power electronics require improvements in efficiency. Meanwhile, system complexity remains high, impinging on reliability. These elements greatly limit the ability to deploy superconductor technology in the short term. Overall, superconducting electric propulsion stands as a promising yet underdeveloped technology. Its future viability will be determined by coordinated efforts to advance its critical subsystems and, ultimately, by implementing it in large-scale applications.