This study aims to investigate the complex flow dynamics underlying ground effect vehicles, placing particular emphasis on their ultimate technical expression: Formula 1 single-seaters. The primary objective is to analyze the physical principles that enable these cars to generate levels of downforce that would otherwise be unattainable. The discussion begins with a historical overview, tracing the conceptual evolution of the phenomenon: from theoretical discoveries in aeronautics to their application in motorsport, culminating in the "wing-car" era of the late 1970s. This period of extreme experimentation marked a turning point in the design philosophy of racing cars. The core of the work is dedicated to the fundamentals of fluid dynamics, which are essential for understanding the origin of the forces at play. Starting from the Navier-Stokes equations adapted to the automotive regime, the study analyzes the physics of the boundary layer and the importance of its management to prevent underbody stall. In parallel, the application of Bernoulli's principle to variable-section ducts allows for an analytical description of the operation of Venturi tunnels. In light of these premises, the paper examines the impact of the 2022 FIA Technical Regulations, which reinstated the use of ground effect via Venturi tunnels, thereby imposing a paradigm shift and revealing critical issues such as porpoising. This phenomenon of aeroelastic instability is analyzed in depth here, investigating its triggering causes and the strategies adopted for its mitigation. The conclusions look toward future perspectives, reiterating that mastery of theoretical fundamentals remains the essential requirement for interpreting, developing, and optimizing ground effect racing vehicles, and discussing how future Technical Regulations may assist teams in overcoming aerodynamic instabilities.
Il presente elaborato nasce con l'intento di studiare le complesse dinamiche dei flussi alla base dei veicoli ad effetto suolo, ponendo particolare attenzione sulla loro massima espressione tecnica: le monoposto di Formula 1. L'obiettivo primario è quello di analizzare i principi fisici che permettono a queste vetture di generare livelli di carico verticale altrimenti irraggiungibili. La trattazione si apre con un inquadramento storico, tracciando l'evoluzione concettuale del fenomeno: dalle scoperte teoriche in ambito aeronautico fino all’applicazione nel motorsport, culminata nell’era delle "wing-cars" di fine anni Settanta, periodo di sperimentazione estrema che ha segnato un punto di non ritorno nella filosofia progettuale delle vetture da competizione. Il nucleo centrale del lavoro è dedicato ai fondamenti della fluidodinamica, indispensabili per comprendere l’origine delle forze in gioco. Partendo dalle equazioni di Navier-Stokes, adattate al regime automobilistico, viene analizzata la fisica dello strato limite e l’importanza della sua gestione per prevenire lo stallo del fondo; parallelamente, l’applicazione del principio di Bernoulli ai condotti a sezione variabile permette di descrivere analiticamente il funzionamento dei canali Venturi. Alla luce di tali premesse, l'elaborato, esamina l'impatto del Regolamento Tecnico FIA 2022: viene infatti ripristinato l’utilizzo dell'effetto suolo tramite canali Venturi, imponendo così un cambio di paradigma e portando alla luce criticità come il porpoising. Tale fenomeno di instabilità aeroelastica viene qui approfondito, indagandone le cause scatenanti e le strategie adottate per la sua mitigazione. Le conclusioni pongono lo sguardo alle prospettive future, ribadendo come la padronanza dei fondamenti teorici resti il requisito essenziale per interpretare, sviluppare e ottimizzare i veicoli da competizione ad effetto suolo e come i futuri Regolamenti Tecnici possano aiutare le squadre nel superamento delle instabilità aerodinamica.
Aerodinamica dei veicoli ad effetto suolo. Principi teorici, applicazioni in F1 e analisi delle instabilità
MORETTI, GIANLUCA
2025/2026
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the complex flow dynamics underlying ground effect vehicles, placing particular emphasis on their ultimate technical expression: Formula 1 single-seaters. The primary objective is to analyze the physical principles that enable these cars to generate levels of downforce that would otherwise be unattainable. The discussion begins with a historical overview, tracing the conceptual evolution of the phenomenon: from theoretical discoveries in aeronautics to their application in motorsport, culminating in the "wing-car" era of the late 1970s. This period of extreme experimentation marked a turning point in the design philosophy of racing cars. The core of the work is dedicated to the fundamentals of fluid dynamics, which are essential for understanding the origin of the forces at play. Starting from the Navier-Stokes equations adapted to the automotive regime, the study analyzes the physics of the boundary layer and the importance of its management to prevent underbody stall. In parallel, the application of Bernoulli's principle to variable-section ducts allows for an analytical description of the operation of Venturi tunnels. In light of these premises, the paper examines the impact of the 2022 FIA Technical Regulations, which reinstated the use of ground effect via Venturi tunnels, thereby imposing a paradigm shift and revealing critical issues such as porpoising. This phenomenon of aeroelastic instability is analyzed in depth here, investigating its triggering causes and the strategies adopted for its mitigation. The conclusions look toward future perspectives, reiterating that mastery of theoretical fundamentals remains the essential requirement for interpreting, developing, and optimizing ground effect racing vehicles, and discussing how future Technical Regulations may assist teams in overcoming aerodynamic instabilities.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/105010