Obesity is defined by World Health Organization as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health”. The accumulation of fat plays a central role in the onset and development of MASLD, Metabolic disfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, a condition in which a high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) alters the hepatic redox homeostasis. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) represent the first line of the liver’s antioxidant defence system (AoS) and their activity is strongly altered in people with obesity and MASLD. Weight loss is currently considered the most effective strategy to reduce the detrimental effects of these pathologies. Along with caloric restriction and physical exercise, that are the major drivers in losing weight, the use of nutraceuticals is becoming increasingly widespread. This thesis aimed at evaluating the effects of genetic obesity, a nutraceutical intervention and structured physical exercise on Zucker rats, a well-established model of genetic obesity, in terms of physical performance, metabolic health, and hepatic antioxidant functionality. Results showed that obesity negatively alters metabolic status, physical fitness and hepatic redox homeostasis. The nutraceutical intervention supported a partial improvement in rats’ physical performance; in the liver, it counterbalanced the damage caused by obesity by limiting its weight gain and restoring the activity of some antioxidant enzymes. The High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) protocol improved metabolism and physical performance in obese rats. Greater improvements were achieved with the combination of nutraceutical and exercise protocol in terms of hepatic fat and SOD activity. Hence, the two interventions showed a synergistic effect in ameliorating rats’ overall health.
L’obesità è definita dall’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità come “accumulo anormale o eccessivo di grasso che rappresenta un rischio per la salute”. L’accumulo di massa grassa ha un ruolo centrale nell’insorgenza e sviluppo della malattia epatica associata a disfunzione metabolica (MASLD), una condizione in cui un’elevata produzione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno altera l’omeostasi redox del fegato. Gli enzimi antiossidanti come la superossido dismutasi, la catalasi e la glutatione perossidasi rappresentano la prima linea del sistema antiossidante del fegato, e la loro attività è fortemente alterata nei pazienti con obesità e MASLD. La perdita di peso è attualmente considerata la strategia più efficace per limitare gli effetti negativi di queste malattie. In aggiunta alla restrizione calorica e all’esercizio fisico, che sono i fattori determinanti nella perdita di peso, i nutraceutici sono di utilizzo sempre più comune. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di valutare gli effetti di obesità, nutraceutico e attività fisica strutturata nei ratti Zucker, un modello consolidato di obesità genetica, in termini di salute metabolica, prestanza fisica e funzionalità antiossidante epatica. I risultati hanno dimostrato che l’obesità influisce negativamente su tutti questi fattori. La somministrazione del nutraceutico ha parzialmente migliorato la performance fisica dei ratti, e nel fegato ha controbilanciato i danni legati allo sviluppo dell’obesità, limitandone l’incremento di peso e ripristinando l’attività di alcuni enzimi antiossidanti. Il protocollo di allenamento a intervalli ad alta intensità (HIIT) ha migliorato il metabolismo e la performance di corsa dei ratti obesi. Maggiori risultati sono stati ottenuti con la combinazione di nutraceutico e protocollo di allenamento in termini di grasso epatico e attività della superossido dismutasi. Le due strategie hanno pertanto mostrato effetti sinergici nel promuovere un migliore stato di salute dei ratti.
Assessment of changes in hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity caused by genetic obesity, a nutraceutical intervention, and physical exercise
BARBAZITA, SARA
2025/2026
Abstract
Obesity is defined by World Health Organization as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health”. The accumulation of fat plays a central role in the onset and development of MASLD, Metabolic disfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, a condition in which a high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) alters the hepatic redox homeostasis. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) represent the first line of the liver’s antioxidant defence system (AoS) and their activity is strongly altered in people with obesity and MASLD. Weight loss is currently considered the most effective strategy to reduce the detrimental effects of these pathologies. Along with caloric restriction and physical exercise, that are the major drivers in losing weight, the use of nutraceuticals is becoming increasingly widespread. This thesis aimed at evaluating the effects of genetic obesity, a nutraceutical intervention and structured physical exercise on Zucker rats, a well-established model of genetic obesity, in terms of physical performance, metabolic health, and hepatic antioxidant functionality. Results showed that obesity negatively alters metabolic status, physical fitness and hepatic redox homeostasis. The nutraceutical intervention supported a partial improvement in rats’ physical performance; in the liver, it counterbalanced the damage caused by obesity by limiting its weight gain and restoring the activity of some antioxidant enzymes. The High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) protocol improved metabolism and physical performance in obese rats. Greater improvements were achieved with the combination of nutraceutical and exercise protocol in terms of hepatic fat and SOD activity. Hence, the two interventions showed a synergistic effect in ameliorating rats’ overall health.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/105289