Clenbuterol is a potent β2-adrenergic agonist, known not only for its bronchodilatory properties, but also for the marked anabolic and lipolytic effects that drive a widespread abuse in the livestock and sports sector. The present thesis work aims to analyze in a systematic way the profile of the drug, correlating its peculiar chemical-physical properties with the biological persistence and the challenges linked to its analytical detection. The pharmacodynamics will be described to highlight how the high potency of the molecule derives from a specific interaction with the β2-AR receptors, while the examination of the pharmacokinetics clarifies the mechanism of its exceptional elimination half-life. In the following, the focus will be on the side effects, the toxicological aspects and the risks for health, which are the reasons for which the drug is forbidden for human and livestock-food use, and on the analytical methodologies necessary for forensic monitoring. The future perspectives highlight the necessity to develop new analytical strategies to distinguish accidental contaminations from deliberate intake, guaranteeing at the same time the evolution towards more selective and safer adrenergic agonists.
Il Clenbuterolo è un potente agonista β2-adrenergico, noto non solo per le sue proprietà broncodilatatrici, ma anche per i marcati effetti anabolizzanti e lipolitici che ne spingono un diffuso abuso in ambito zootecnico e sportivo. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare in modo sistematico il profilo del farmaco, correlando le sue peculiari proprietà chimico-fisiche con la persistenza biologica e le sfide legate alla sua rilevazione analitica. Verrà descritta la farmacodinamica per evidenziare come l'elevata potenza della molecola derivi da una specifica interazione con i recettori β2-AR, mentre l'esame della farmacocinetica chiarisce il meccanismo della sua eccezionale emivita di eliminazione. In seguito, ci si concentrerà sugli effetti collaterali, gli aspetti tossicologici e i rischi per la salute, che sono le ragioni per cui il farmaco è vietato per l'uso umano e zootecnico-alimentare e sulle metodologie analitiche necessarie per il monitoraggio forense. Le prospettive future evidenziano la necessità di sviluppare nuove strategie analitiche per distinguere le contaminazioni accidentali dall'assunzione deliberata, garantendo al contempo l'evoluzione verso agonisti adrenergici più selettivi e sicuri.
Clenbuterolo: usi, implicazioni e determinazione analitica.
PAVAN, SARA
2025/2026
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a potent β2-adrenergic agonist, known not only for its bronchodilatory properties, but also for the marked anabolic and lipolytic effects that drive a widespread abuse in the livestock and sports sector. The present thesis work aims to analyze in a systematic way the profile of the drug, correlating its peculiar chemical-physical properties with the biological persistence and the challenges linked to its analytical detection. The pharmacodynamics will be described to highlight how the high potency of the molecule derives from a specific interaction with the β2-AR receptors, while the examination of the pharmacokinetics clarifies the mechanism of its exceptional elimination half-life. In the following, the focus will be on the side effects, the toxicological aspects and the risks for health, which are the reasons for which the drug is forbidden for human and livestock-food use, and on the analytical methodologies necessary for forensic monitoring. The future perspectives highlight the necessity to develop new analytical strategies to distinguish accidental contaminations from deliberate intake, guaranteeing at the same time the evolution towards more selective and safer adrenergic agonists.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/105630