In recent years, forest management has progressively recognized the importance of non-interventionist approaches, in particular those based on the free evolution of ecosystems. This orientation is based on the idea of allowing the forest to develop according to its natural dynamics, without direct anthropogenic interference. In this context, the study of tree mortality plays a central role, as it provides essential information to understand the ecological processes that regulate the structure, composition and functionality of forest ecosystems in the long term. Tree mortality in a forest left to evolve is not only an indicator of the demographic dynamics of the plant community, but also a key process for natural renewal, the creation of complex structures and the accumulation of dead wood, fundamental elements for the conservation of biodiversity. Mortality analysis is essential to understand the processes related to competition, the stage of population development, climatic conditions, the action of pathogens and natural events such as storms or droughts. This thesis focuses on the analysis of tree mortality in a permanent monitoring area of 4 hectares located within the Pian di Landro Baldassarre (BL) Nature Reserve. The area, left to free evolution for several years, was the subject of three sampling interventions, carried out in 2007, 2015 and 2024 respectively. These investigations have made it possible to collect valuable data on the composition, structure and dynamics of vegetation, offering the opportunity to investigate mortality processes over time among the main tree species present such as Abies alba, Picea abies. and Fagus sylvatica. The aim of the present work is to analyze the mortality rates and patterns recorded in the three time intervals, identifying the species most involved and evaluating the possible ecological and environmental factors that may have influenced these dynamics. The results will help to improve understanding of the functioning of Central European mountain mixed forests. Analyses conducted in three distinct periods (2007, 2015 and 2024) show significant differences in plant mortality. In 2007, a higher mortality of the Picea abies species was observed, especially in the smaller diameter classes, while in the 2015 and 2024 surveys the mortality of Fagus sylvatica increased. In all periods analyzed, mortality is mainly concentrated among younger and smaller individuals, suggesting intra-specific competition and damage caused by wildlife, particularly deer, as probable causes. In the latest survey, however, there is an increase in mortality in the larger diameter classes. Finally, the analysis of the distribution of dead plants standing (snag) and on the ground (log) shows a consistent trend over the three-year period: snags are more frequent among young (small) plants, while logs are prevalent among mature (large) plants.
Negli ultimi anni, la gestione forestale ha progressivamente riconosciuto l’importanza di approcci non interventistici, in particolare quelli basati sulla libera evoluzione degli ecosistemi. Questo orientamento si fonda sull’idea di permettere alla foresta di svilupparsi secondo le proprie dinamiche naturali, senza interferenze antropiche dirette. In tale contesto, lo studio della mortalità arborea riveste un ruolo centrale, in quanto fornisce informazioni essenziali per comprendere i processi ecologici che regolano la struttura, la composizione e la funzionalità degli ecosistemi forestali nel lungo periodo. La mortalità degli alberi in un bosco lasciato a libera evoluzione non è solo un indicatore della dinamica demografica della comunità vegetale, ma anche un processo chiave per il rinnovamento naturale, la creazione di strutture complesse e l’accumulo di legno morto, elementi fondamentali per la conservazione della biodiversità. L’ analisi della mortalità è fondamentale per comprendere processi legati alla competizione, allo stadio di sviluppo del popolamento, alle condizioni climatiche, all’azione di patogeni e a eventi naturali come tempeste o siccità. Questa tesi si concentra sull’analisi della mortalità arborea in un’area di monitoraggio permanente di 4 ettari situata all’interno della Riserva Naturale Pian di Landro Baldassarre (BL). L’area, lasciata a libera evoluzione da diversi anni, è stata oggetto di tre interventi di campionamento, effettuati rispettivamente nel 2007, 2015 e 2024. Tali rilievi hanno permesso di raccogliere dati preziosi sulla composizione, la struttura e la dinamica della vegetazione, offrendo un’opportunità per indagare i processi di mortalità nel tempo tra le principali specie arboree presenti quali Abies alba, Picea abies. e Fagus sylvatica. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è analizzare i tassi e i pattern di mortalità registrati nei tre intervalli temporali, identificando le specie maggiormente coinvolte e valutando i possibili fattori ecologici e ambientali che possono aver influenzato tali dinamiche. I risultati contribuiranno a migliorare la comprensione del funzionamento delle foreste miste montane dell’Europa centrale. Le analisi condotte su tre periodi distinti (2007, 2015 e 2024) mostrano differenze significative nella mortalità delle piante. Nel 2007 si osserva una maggiore mortalità della specie Picea abies, soprattutto nelle classi diametriche più piccole, mentre nei rilievi del 2015 e del 2024 cresce la mortalità di Fagus sylvatica. In tutti i periodi analizzati, la mortalità si concentra principalmente tra gli individui più giovani e di dimensioni minori, suggerendo come cause probabili la competizione intra-specifica e i danni da fauna selvatica, in particolare da cervi. Nell’ ultimo rilievo però si registra un aumento della mortalità nelle classi diametriche più grandi. Infine, l’analisi della distribuzione delle piante morte in piedi (snag) e a terra (log) evidenzia un pattern coerente nei tre anni: le snag sono più frequenti tra le piante giovani (piccole), mentre i log sono prevalenti tra le piante mature (grandi).
DINAMICHE DI MORTALITA’ IN UN POPOLAMENTO FORESTALE MISTO NELL’ AREA PERMANENTE DELLA RISERVA PIAN DI LANDRO BALDASSARRE (BL)
COSTA, ALESSIO
2025/2026
Abstract
In recent years, forest management has progressively recognized the importance of non-interventionist approaches, in particular those based on the free evolution of ecosystems. This orientation is based on the idea of allowing the forest to develop according to its natural dynamics, without direct anthropogenic interference. In this context, the study of tree mortality plays a central role, as it provides essential information to understand the ecological processes that regulate the structure, composition and functionality of forest ecosystems in the long term. Tree mortality in a forest left to evolve is not only an indicator of the demographic dynamics of the plant community, but also a key process for natural renewal, the creation of complex structures and the accumulation of dead wood, fundamental elements for the conservation of biodiversity. Mortality analysis is essential to understand the processes related to competition, the stage of population development, climatic conditions, the action of pathogens and natural events such as storms or droughts. This thesis focuses on the analysis of tree mortality in a permanent monitoring area of 4 hectares located within the Pian di Landro Baldassarre (BL) Nature Reserve. The area, left to free evolution for several years, was the subject of three sampling interventions, carried out in 2007, 2015 and 2024 respectively. These investigations have made it possible to collect valuable data on the composition, structure and dynamics of vegetation, offering the opportunity to investigate mortality processes over time among the main tree species present such as Abies alba, Picea abies. and Fagus sylvatica. The aim of the present work is to analyze the mortality rates and patterns recorded in the three time intervals, identifying the species most involved and evaluating the possible ecological and environmental factors that may have influenced these dynamics. The results will help to improve understanding of the functioning of Central European mountain mixed forests. Analyses conducted in three distinct periods (2007, 2015 and 2024) show significant differences in plant mortality. In 2007, a higher mortality of the Picea abies species was observed, especially in the smaller diameter classes, while in the 2015 and 2024 surveys the mortality of Fagus sylvatica increased. In all periods analyzed, mortality is mainly concentrated among younger and smaller individuals, suggesting intra-specific competition and damage caused by wildlife, particularly deer, as probable causes. In the latest survey, however, there is an increase in mortality in the larger diameter classes. Finally, the analysis of the distribution of dead plants standing (snag) and on the ground (log) shows a consistent trend over the three-year period: snags are more frequent among young (small) plants, while logs are prevalent among mature (large) plants.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/105851