My thesis, “The Catholic Cause Across the Channel: The Continental Colleges at the Crossroads of the Diplomatic Policies of England, Rome, Spain, and France (1558-1603),” aims to examine the role of the English Colleges on the continent during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603). The objective is to highlight the diplomatic dynamics surrounding the English Catholic question, with particular attention to France’s ambiguous position and Spain’s actual role. Traditional historiography portrays the reign of Philip II as an unconditional supporter of the English Catholic cause from the beginning of Elizabeth I’s reign; however, a deeper and more impartial analysis of the sources reveals an initial reluctance, overcome only later due to the political dynamics characterizing the English monarch’s reign. To achieve this goal, my research is structured into three sections. The first part, composed of three chapters, analyzes England's internal management of the Catholic problem. To this end, both domestic events and royal proclamations are examined, which demonstrate the legislative evolution of religious policy. Furthermore, the difference between the Anglican and Catholic narratives that generated the dichotomy between martyrs and traitors is highlighted, emphasizing how this dynamic cannot be interpreted solely in religious or political terms. This first part concludes with a geographical analysis of Catholicism in the Kingdom of England and the missionary routes of English Catholics. The second part focuses on the mission’s infrastructure, analyzing the English Colleges of Douai/Rheims (in the fourth chapter), Rome (in the fifth chapter), and Valladolid and Seville (in the sixth chapter). Subsequently, common factors in the management of these colleges are examined, alongside an analysis of the main religious orders that characterized the English mission, with particular attention to the Society of Jesus and its role in the administration of colleges and missions. This section concludes with a final chapter on the "Paper War" between the two factions, highlighting how print media played an increasingly essential role in disseminating ideas for religious and political purposes. Finally, the third and last section concentrates on the international dimension and the diplomatic management among England, Spain, and France. The first chapter of this section analyzes Spain’s position, showing its real evolution from an initial reluctance to greater final interventionism. The subsequent chapter, however, offers an analysis of the French position in foreign political dynamics, characterized by a strong need for an alliance with England (to counterbalance an increasingly powerful Spain), in contrast with the continuous reaffirmation of Catholic victory in the country’s internal policies. The final chapter, instead, proposes an in-depth analysis of English intelligence within the Catholic diplomatic context, particularly highlighting how its diplomatic interference influenced both internal and foreign policies, as well as the construction of a narrative that has long dominated the historiography on the subject.
La mia tesi, “La Causa Cattolica Oltre Manica: I Collegi Continentali all'Incrocio delle Politiche Diplomatiche di Inghilterra, Roma, Spagna e Francia (1558-1603).”, si propone di esaminare il ruolo dei Collegi Inglesi nel continente durante gli anni di regno di Elisabetta I (1558-1603). L’obiettivo è mettere in risalto le dinamiche diplomatiche che circondano la questione cattolica inglese, con un’attenzione particolare all’ambigua posizione della Francia ed il ruolo effettivo della Spagna. La storiografia tradizionale narra il regno di Filippo II come un sostenitore incondizionato della causa cattolica inglese sin dal principio del regno di Elisabetta I; tuttavia, un’analisi più approfondita ed imparziale delle fonti, rivela un’iniziale reticenza, superata solo in seguito alle dinamiche politiche che caratterizzano il regno della monarca inglese. Per raggiungere tale scopo, la mia ricerca è stata strutturata in tre sezioni. Nella prima parte, composta da tre capitoli, viene analizzata la gestione interna inglese del problema cattolico. A tal fine, vengono presi in esame sia avvenimenti interni alla nazione, sia le proclamazioni reali, le quali mostrano l’evoluzione legislativa della gestione della questione religiosa. Viene, inoltre, evidenziata la differenza nella narrativa anglicana e cattolica che ha generato la dicotomia tra martiri e traditori, sottolineando come la dinamica non possa avere una lettura unicamente in chiave religiosa o politica. Questa prima parte si conclude con un’analisi geografica del cattolicesimo nel regno d’Inghilterra e delle rotte missionarie dei cattolici inglesi. La seconda parte si concentra, invece, sulle infrastrutture della missione, prendendo in analisi i Collegi Inglesi di Douai/Rheims (nel quarto capitolo), di Roma (nel quinto capitolo) e di Valladolid e di Sevilla (nel sesto capitolo). Successivamente, vengono esaminati i fattori comuni nella gestione dei collegi, affiancati da un’analisi dei principali ordini che caratterizzano la missione d’Inghilterra, con un’attenzione particolare alla Società di Gesù ed il suo ruolo nella gestione dei collegi e delle missioni. Questa sezione si conclude con un capitolo finale riguardante la “Guerra di Carta” tra le due fazioni, che evidenzia come la stampa abbia assunto un ruolo sempre più essenziale nella diffusione d’idee a fini religiosi e politici. La terza ed ultima sezione si concentra, infine, sulla dimensione internazionale e sulla gestione diplomatica tra Inghilterra, Spagna e Francia. Il primo capitolo di questa sezione analizza la posizione della Spagna, mostrando la sua reale evoluzione da una reticenza iniziale ad un maggiore interventismo finale. Il capitolo successivo propone, invece, un’analisi della posizione francese nelle dinamiche politiche estere, caratterizzate da una forte necessità di alleanza con l’Inghilterra (per contrastare una Spagna sempre più potente), in contrasto con la continua riconferma di vittoria cattolica nelle politiche interne al paese. Il capitolo finale propone, invece, un’approfondita analisi sull’intelligence inglese nel contesto diplomatico cattolico, risaltando soprattutto come la sua ingerenza diplomatica abbia influenzato tanto le politiche interne ed estere, come la costruzione di una narrativa che ha a lungo dominato la storiografia sull’argomento.
La Causa Cattolica Oltre Manica: I Collegi Continentali all'Incrocio delle Politiche Diplomatiche di Inghilterra, Roma, Spagna e Francia (1558-1603).
MARCOLINI, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
My thesis, “The Catholic Cause Across the Channel: The Continental Colleges at the Crossroads of the Diplomatic Policies of England, Rome, Spain, and France (1558-1603),” aims to examine the role of the English Colleges on the continent during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603). The objective is to highlight the diplomatic dynamics surrounding the English Catholic question, with particular attention to France’s ambiguous position and Spain’s actual role. Traditional historiography portrays the reign of Philip II as an unconditional supporter of the English Catholic cause from the beginning of Elizabeth I’s reign; however, a deeper and more impartial analysis of the sources reveals an initial reluctance, overcome only later due to the political dynamics characterizing the English monarch’s reign. To achieve this goal, my research is structured into three sections. The first part, composed of three chapters, analyzes England's internal management of the Catholic problem. To this end, both domestic events and royal proclamations are examined, which demonstrate the legislative evolution of religious policy. Furthermore, the difference between the Anglican and Catholic narratives that generated the dichotomy between martyrs and traitors is highlighted, emphasizing how this dynamic cannot be interpreted solely in religious or political terms. This first part concludes with a geographical analysis of Catholicism in the Kingdom of England and the missionary routes of English Catholics. The second part focuses on the mission’s infrastructure, analyzing the English Colleges of Douai/Rheims (in the fourth chapter), Rome (in the fifth chapter), and Valladolid and Seville (in the sixth chapter). Subsequently, common factors in the management of these colleges are examined, alongside an analysis of the main religious orders that characterized the English mission, with particular attention to the Society of Jesus and its role in the administration of colleges and missions. This section concludes with a final chapter on the "Paper War" between the two factions, highlighting how print media played an increasingly essential role in disseminating ideas for religious and political purposes. Finally, the third and last section concentrates on the international dimension and the diplomatic management among England, Spain, and France. The first chapter of this section analyzes Spain’s position, showing its real evolution from an initial reluctance to greater final interventionism. The subsequent chapter, however, offers an analysis of the French position in foreign political dynamics, characterized by a strong need for an alliance with England (to counterbalance an increasingly powerful Spain), in contrast with the continuous reaffirmation of Catholic victory in the country’s internal policies. The final chapter, instead, proposes an in-depth analysis of English intelligence within the Catholic diplomatic context, particularly highlighting how its diplomatic interference influenced both internal and foreign policies, as well as the construction of a narrative that has long dominated the historiography on the subject.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/107111