Background: Functional Neurological Disorders (FND) are conditions characterized by neurological symptoms that are incompatible with identifiable organic diseases and cannot be explained by structural damage to the nervous system. Clinical manifestations are heterogeneous and may involve motor, sensory, or cognitive domains, and are distinguished by their inconsistency with known neuroanatomical and neurophysiological mechanisms. Despite their significant impact on quality of life and associated comorbidities, these disorders have long been underdiagnosed and underrecognized in clinical practice. Current literature provides limited evidence regarding the coexistence of functional manifestations and chronic neurological diseases, although clinical experience and indirect data from clinical studies suggest that such an association may not be uncommon. Study objectives: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of functional neurological signs in four groups: patients attending a first-level outpatient clinic, patients affected by multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, or immune-mediated neuropathies. For this purpose, the Daum scale, derived from the original clinical study, was used. This scale consists of 10 motor and sensory neurological signs detectable during clinical examination. A score ≥4 demonstrated, in the original study, a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 95% for the detection of functional neurological disorder. The secondary aim was to analyze the associations between functional neurological signs and several clinical, demographic, and psychometric variables, including disability, fatigue, pain, quality of life, depression, anxiety, cognition, and sleep. Moreover, additional functional signs, described by Daum as “highly reliable” indicators of FND, were assessed. Methods: A total of 100 patients were recruited from the outpatient clinics of the Neurology Unit (UOC) at Ca’ Foncello Hospital in Treviso: 32 patients from a general neurology outpatient clinic, 31 with multiple sclerosis, 17 with cerebrovascular disease, and 20 with immune-mediated neuropathies. All participants underwent a clinical assessment including a neurological examination to identify functional signs, followed by the administration of standardized questionnaires. The questionnaires are the following: the FSS (Fatigue Severity Scale) and MFIS (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale) for fatigue assessment; VAS (Visual Analog Scale) for pain perception; SF-36 for health-related quality of life; BDI-II (Beck Depression Inventory-II) for depressive symptoms; STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) for anxiety; MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) for global cognitive function; ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) for daytime sleepiness; and CCI (Charlson Comorbidity Index) for comorbidities. Functional signs were assessed using the Daum scale with cut-offs of ≥2 and ≥4 points, as well as the presence of eight additional signs described by the original authors. Results: In the total sample of 100 participants, the prevalence of functional neurological disorder was 7% using a Daum cut-off of ≥4 points and 15% using a cut-off of ≥2 points. In multivariate analysis, a Daum score ≥2 was independently associated with severe pain, assessed using the VAS, and greater impairment in energy and fatigue levels, assessed by the BDI-II. For the ≥4 cut-off, no variables remained statistically significant in the multivariate model, although univariate analyses showed associations with anxiety levels (STAI) and social functioning. The presence of at least one additional functional sign was independently associated with higher depressive symptoms, as measured by BDI-II, and with disability in activities of daily living (ADL).
I disturbi neurologici funzionali (Functional Neurological Disorders, FND) sono condizioni caratterizzate dalla presenza di sintomi neurologici incompatibili con patologie organiche riconoscibili, non spiegabili da un danno organico del sistema nervoso. Le molteplici manifestazioni cliniche possono interessare la sfera motoria, sensitiva o cognitiva e si distinguono per la loro incongruenza con i meccanismi neuroanatomici e neurofisiologici noti. Nonostante la significativa influenza sulla qualità di vita e sulle comorbidità associate, tali disturbi sono stati a lungo sottodiagnosticati e poco considerati nella pratica clinica. Attualmente, la letteratura scientifica dispone di limitate evidenze sulla coesistenza tra manifestazioni funzionali e patologie neurologiche croniche, sebbene l'esperienza clinica e alcuni dati indiretti tratti da studi clinici sul tema, suggeriscano che tale associazione non sia così rara. L’obiettivo primario dello studio è stato quello di valutare la prevalenza di patologia funzionale in 4 gruppi di pazienti: il primo è costituito da pazienti con diverse patologie neurologiche afferenti ad un ambulatorio di primo livello, il secondo da pazienti con sclerosi multipla, il terzo con malattia cerebrovascolare e il quarto con neuropatie disimmuni. A tale scopo è stata utilizzata la scala di Daum, composta da 10 segni neurologici sia sensitivi sia motori, evidenziabili all’esame obiettivo neurologico. Un punteggio ≥ 4 ha dimostrato, nello studio di origine, una specificità del 100% e una sensibilità del 95% nel rilevare patologia funzionale. L’obiettivo secondario dello studio è stato quello di analizzare le associazioni tra la presenza di patologia funzionale e alcune variabili cliniche, demografiche e psicometriche, quali la disabilità, la fatica, il dolore, la qualità di vita, la depressione, l’ansia, la cognitività e il sonno. Infine sono stati valutati i segni funzionali aggiuntivi descritti da Daum come “altamente affidabili” per la diagnosi di FND. Sono stati reclutati 100 pazienti afferenti agli ambulatori dell'UOC di Neurologia dell'Ospedale Ca' Foncello di Treviso: 32 pazienti provenienti dall'ambulatorio neurologico di primo livello, 31 con diagnosi di sclerosi multipla, 17 con malattia cerebrovascolare e 20 con neuropatie disimmuni. Tutti i partecipanti sono stati sottoposti a valutazione clinica mediante esame obiettivo neurologico, per la ricerca dei segni funzionali. Sono stati, inoltre, somministrati dei questionari standardizzati per la valutazione delle seguenti variabili: la fatica tramite FSS e MFIS; il dolore tramite VAS; la qualità di vita, tramite SF-36; la depressione tramite BDI-II; l’ansia tramite STAI; la funzione cognitiva globale tramite MOCA; la sonnolenza diurna ESS e le comorbidità tramite CCI. La presenza di segni funzionali è stata valutata mediante la scala di Daum utilizzando i cut-off di ≥2 e ≥4 punti e mediante la ricerca degli 8 segni funzionali aggiuntivi. La prevalenza della patologia funzionale sul totale del campione, tramite il cut-off della scala di Daum di ≥4 punti, è stata del 7%, utilizzando un cut-off di ≥2 punti, invece, del 15%. All'analisi multivariata, un punteggio di Daum ≥2 è risultato associato indipendentemente alla presenza di dolore severo e a una maggiore compromissione dei livelli di energia e fatica. Per il cut-off ≥4 nessuna variabile ha mantenuto una significatività statistica indipendente, sebbene all'analisi univariata siano emerse associazioni con i livelli di ansia e con un peggiore funzionamento sociale. La presenza di almeno un segno funzionale aggiuntivo è risultata associata indipendentemente a una maggiore sintomatologia depressiva e alla presenza di disabilità.
Prevalenza dei disturbi funzionali nelle malattie neurologiche croniche
DANIELI, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Functional Neurological Disorders (FND) are conditions characterized by neurological symptoms that are incompatible with identifiable organic diseases and cannot be explained by structural damage to the nervous system. Clinical manifestations are heterogeneous and may involve motor, sensory, or cognitive domains, and are distinguished by their inconsistency with known neuroanatomical and neurophysiological mechanisms. Despite their significant impact on quality of life and associated comorbidities, these disorders have long been underdiagnosed and underrecognized in clinical practice. Current literature provides limited evidence regarding the coexistence of functional manifestations and chronic neurological diseases, although clinical experience and indirect data from clinical studies suggest that such an association may not be uncommon. Study objectives: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of functional neurological signs in four groups: patients attending a first-level outpatient clinic, patients affected by multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, or immune-mediated neuropathies. For this purpose, the Daum scale, derived from the original clinical study, was used. This scale consists of 10 motor and sensory neurological signs detectable during clinical examination. A score ≥4 demonstrated, in the original study, a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 95% for the detection of functional neurological disorder. The secondary aim was to analyze the associations between functional neurological signs and several clinical, demographic, and psychometric variables, including disability, fatigue, pain, quality of life, depression, anxiety, cognition, and sleep. Moreover, additional functional signs, described by Daum as “highly reliable” indicators of FND, were assessed. Methods: A total of 100 patients were recruited from the outpatient clinics of the Neurology Unit (UOC) at Ca’ Foncello Hospital in Treviso: 32 patients from a general neurology outpatient clinic, 31 with multiple sclerosis, 17 with cerebrovascular disease, and 20 with immune-mediated neuropathies. All participants underwent a clinical assessment including a neurological examination to identify functional signs, followed by the administration of standardized questionnaires. The questionnaires are the following: the FSS (Fatigue Severity Scale) and MFIS (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale) for fatigue assessment; VAS (Visual Analog Scale) for pain perception; SF-36 for health-related quality of life; BDI-II (Beck Depression Inventory-II) for depressive symptoms; STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) for anxiety; MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) for global cognitive function; ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) for daytime sleepiness; and CCI (Charlson Comorbidity Index) for comorbidities. Functional signs were assessed using the Daum scale with cut-offs of ≥2 and ≥4 points, as well as the presence of eight additional signs described by the original authors. Results: In the total sample of 100 participants, the prevalence of functional neurological disorder was 7% using a Daum cut-off of ≥4 points and 15% using a cut-off of ≥2 points. In multivariate analysis, a Daum score ≥2 was independently associated with severe pain, assessed using the VAS, and greater impairment in energy and fatigue levels, assessed by the BDI-II. For the ≥4 cut-off, no variables remained statistically significant in the multivariate model, although univariate analyses showed associations with anxiety levels (STAI) and social functioning. The presence of at least one additional functional sign was independently associated with higher depressive symptoms, as measured by BDI-II, and with disability in activities of daily living (ADL).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108901