Background. Functional neurological disorders are among the most frequently encountered conditions in neurological practice and often coexist with structural neurological diseases, producing clinical pictures in which functional manifestations are superimposed on an established organic substrate. Such coexistence has been documented in epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, whereas myasthenia gravis has so far remained substantially unexplored. Indirect evidence nonetheless points to a possible superimposed functional component, in particular the substantial placebo response observed in clinical trials and the multifactorial nature of fatigue. Objective. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of functional signs and symptoms in a cohort of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis and to examine their associations with the main demographic, clinical, and psychometric variables. Materials and methods. Single-center, cross-sectional observational study of 100 consecutive patients with generalized myasthenia gravis. The functional component was assessed using the validated Daum scale and an ad hoc questionnaire comprising patient-reported symptoms and clinician-elicited signs, complemented by a psychometric battery (anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain, quality of life, sleep, and cognition) and by indices of myasthenic severity. Associations were examined through logistic regression models. Results. At least one functional sign was present in 27% of patients on the ad hoc questionnaire and in 29% on the Daum scale; a clinically relevant component (Daum ≥ 4) involved 9% of the cohort, values comparable to those reported in other chronic neurological diseases. The two instruments showed good concordance (88% agreement, κ = 0.70). Regression models identified different predictors along the severity gradient of the functional component: at the broader thresholds, the independent predictor of signs was myasthenic severity (MGFA III–IV; OR 3.95), while fatigue was associated in univariate analysis but did not maintain independent significance after adjustment for severity; at the validated threshold, pain became the dominant predictor (Daum ≥ 4: OR 5.57). A clear dissociation emerged between the two dimensions: patient-reported symptoms correlated more strongly with affective, fatigue, and quality-of-life scales (ρ = 0.45–0.62) than did objective signs (ρ = 0.15–0.43) and were independent of disease severity, whereas signs remained anchored to neurological severity. The seronegative subtype carried a markedly higher functional burden (signs in 73%). Conclusions. This study provides the first systematic evidence that a structured functional component is detectable in generalized myasthenia gravis, including on neurological examination. Recognizing it is clinically relevant in order to avoid misinterpreting it as treatment resistance and to prevent unnecessary therapeutic escalation. Particular attention should be paid to seronegative forms, whose diagnosis may be even more challenging in light of the substantial functional component identified.
Introduzione. I disturbi neurologici funzionali, tra le condizioni più frequenti nella pratica neurologica, coesistono spesso con malattie neurologiche strutturali, configurando quadri in cui manifestazioni funzionali si sovrappongono a un substrato organico accertato. Tale coesistenza è stata documentata nell'epilessia, nella malattia di Parkinson e nella sclerosi multipla, mentre la miastenia gravis è rimasta finora sostanzialmente inesplorata, nonostante alcuni elementi indiretti, in particolare l'ampia risposta al placebo osservata nei trial clinici e la natura multifattoriale della fatica, ne suggeriscano una possibile componente funzionale sovrapposta. Obiettivo. Lo studio si propone di stimare la prevalenza di segni e sintomi funzionali in una coorte di pazienti con miastenia gravis generalizzata e di analizzarne le correlazioni con le principali variabili demografiche, cliniche e psicometriche. Materiali e metodi. Studio osservazionale trasversale monocentrico su 100 pazienti consecutivi con miastenia gravis generalizzata. La componente funzionale è stata valutata mediante la scala di Daum, validata, e un questionario ad hoc comprendente sintomi auto-riferiti dal paziente e segni rilevati dal clinico, affiancati da una batteria psicometrica (ansia, depressione, fatica, dolore, qualità di vita, sonno, cognitività) e dagli indici di gravità miastenica. Le associazioni sono state esaminate con modelli di regressione logistica. Risultati. Almeno un segno funzionale era presente nel 27% dei pazienti al questionario ad hoc e nel 29% alla scala di Daum; una componente clinicamente rilevante (Daum ≥ 4) interessava il 9% della coorte, valori sovrapponibili a quelli delle altre malattie neurologiche croniche. I due strumenti mostravano buona concordanza (accordo 88%, κ = 0,70). I modelli di regressione evidenziavano predittori diversi lungo il gradiente di gravità della componente funzionale: alle soglie più ampie il predittore indipendente dei segni era la gravità miastenica (MGFA III–IV; OR 3,95), mentre la fatica, pur associata in analisi univariata, non manteneva significatività indipendente dopo aggiustamento per la gravità; alla soglia validata il dolore diventava il predittore dominante (Daum ≥ 4: OR 5,57). Emergeva una netta dissociazione tra le due dimensioni: i sintomi auto-riferiti correlavano più fortemente con le scale affettive, di fatica e di qualità di vita (ρ = 0,45–0,62) rispetto ai segni obiettivi (ρ = 0,15–0,43) e risultavano indipendenti dalla severità di malattia, mentre i segni restavano ancorati alla gravità neurologica. Il sottotipo sieronegativo presentava un carico funzionale nettamente superiore (segni nel 73%). Conclusioni. Lo studio fornisce la prima evidenza sistematica che una componente funzionale strutturata è rilevabile nella miastenia gravis generalizzata, anche all'esame neurologico. Il suo riconoscimento è clinicamente rilevante per non interpretarla erroneamente come resistenza al trattamento ed evitare un'intensificazione terapeutica non necessaria. Particolare attenzione va riservata alle forme sieronegative la cui diagnosi appare ancora più difficoltosa alla luce dell’importante componente funzionale rilevata.
Disturbi funzionali nella miastenia gravis: uno studio osservazionale
GUIDOLIN, LUISA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Functional neurological disorders are among the most frequently encountered conditions in neurological practice and often coexist with structural neurological diseases, producing clinical pictures in which functional manifestations are superimposed on an established organic substrate. Such coexistence has been documented in epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, whereas myasthenia gravis has so far remained substantially unexplored. Indirect evidence nonetheless points to a possible superimposed functional component, in particular the substantial placebo response observed in clinical trials and the multifactorial nature of fatigue. Objective. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of functional signs and symptoms in a cohort of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis and to examine their associations with the main demographic, clinical, and psychometric variables. Materials and methods. Single-center, cross-sectional observational study of 100 consecutive patients with generalized myasthenia gravis. The functional component was assessed using the validated Daum scale and an ad hoc questionnaire comprising patient-reported symptoms and clinician-elicited signs, complemented by a psychometric battery (anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain, quality of life, sleep, and cognition) and by indices of myasthenic severity. Associations were examined through logistic regression models. Results. At least one functional sign was present in 27% of patients on the ad hoc questionnaire and in 29% on the Daum scale; a clinically relevant component (Daum ≥ 4) involved 9% of the cohort, values comparable to those reported in other chronic neurological diseases. The two instruments showed good concordance (88% agreement, κ = 0.70). Regression models identified different predictors along the severity gradient of the functional component: at the broader thresholds, the independent predictor of signs was myasthenic severity (MGFA III–IV; OR 3.95), while fatigue was associated in univariate analysis but did not maintain independent significance after adjustment for severity; at the validated threshold, pain became the dominant predictor (Daum ≥ 4: OR 5.57). A clear dissociation emerged between the two dimensions: patient-reported symptoms correlated more strongly with affective, fatigue, and quality-of-life scales (ρ = 0.45–0.62) than did objective signs (ρ = 0.15–0.43) and were independent of disease severity, whereas signs remained anchored to neurological severity. The seronegative subtype carried a markedly higher functional burden (signs in 73%). Conclusions. This study provides the first systematic evidence that a structured functional component is detectable in generalized myasthenia gravis, including on neurological examination. Recognizing it is clinically relevant in order to avoid misinterpreting it as treatment resistance and to prevent unnecessary therapeutic escalation. Particular attention should be paid to seronegative forms, whose diagnosis may be even more challenging in light of the substantial functional component identified.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108902