Background: The clinical observation of double primary malignancies involving breast and lung in the same patient is increasing. Translational models highlight the existence of a functional interconnection and a biological cross-talk between the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway, which predominate in breast and lung cancer respectively. In light of this cellular interaction, the origin of thoracic driver mutations in these patients remains to be clarified. The clinical question focuses on whether specific pulmonary molecular alterations reflect a shared predisposition common to the two pathologies, or whether they emerge as a compensatory mechanism in response to the pharmacological blockade exerted by systemic hormone therapies. Aim of the study: The primary objective is to describe the clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics of a cohort of patients with double primary breast and lung cancer. Secondary objectives are: to investigate the biological correlation between the breast tumor receptor status and the thoracic mutational profile; to evaluate whether prior exposure to hormone therapy influences the development of pulmonary driver mutations; and finally to analyze overall survival to identify its main prognostic factors. Materials and methods: A single-center ambispective observational study was conducted at the Istituto Oncologico Veneto on 251 female patients with double primary breast and lung cancer. Diagnoses ranged from 1973 to 2025, with a follow-up cut-off in April 2026. Statistical analyses were performed using the open-source software Jamovi (version 2.6) and dedicated scripts in the Python programming language (version 3). Results: In the predominant scenario, accounting for 72.9% of cases, lung cancer developed after breast cancer following a median latency of 112.9 months. Molecular analysis of thoracic adenocarcinomas revealed an EGFR mutation frequency of 32.9%, a higher rate compared to what is typically observed in non-small cell lung cancers in the general population. In patients under 65 years of age with lung adenocarcinoma, a strong biological association emerged between the ER-negative breast phenotype and the pulmonary EGFR mutation. Specifically, 80% of patients lacking estrogen receptors had an EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma, compared to 19.2% observed in cases with positive receptors. Conversely, no significant correlation was found between prior hormone therapy and the onset of these mutations. Finally, multivariate survival analysis, restricted to patients whose breast malignancy preceded the thoracic one, demonstrated that the characteristics of the prior breast malignancy exert no independent prognostic impact on overall survival, which appears to be driven primarily by age and thoracic tumor characteristics. Conclusions: The study results support the hypothesis of a cross-talk between the ER and EGFR pathways, suggesting a possible predisposition to pulmonary EGFR activation in younger patients with ER-negative breast cancer. Furthermore, hormone therapy showed no significant association with the development of these mutations, a finding that does not indicate a mutagenic effect on lung tissue. Finally, since long-term survival appears to be influenced primarily by patient age and by the histological characteristics and stage of the lung tumor, these data underline the importance of early detection of the lung tumor in patients with a prior breast malignancy. Looking ahead, the study proposes evaluating, in prospective clinical trials on larger samples, the implementation of active thoracic surveillance in these patients, so as to detect the potential lung tumor at an early stage and ensure radical treatment, thereby improving prognosis.
Presupposti dello studio: L’osservazione clinica di due neoplasie primitive della mammella e del polmone nella stessa paziente è in aumento. Alcuni modelli traslazionali evidenziano un cross-talk biologico tra la via di segnalazione del recettore estrogenico (ER) e quella del recettore per il fattore di crescita epidermico (EGFR), predominanti rispettivamente nel carcinoma mammario e in quello polmonare. Resta da chiarire se le alterazioni molecolari polmonari riflettano una predisposizione condivisa tra le due patologie oppure un meccanismo compensatorio in risposta al blocco farmacologico delle terapie ormonali. Scopo dello studio: L’obiettivo primario è la caratterizzazione clinica, patologica e molecolare di una coorte con doppia neoplasia primitiva mammaria e polmonare. Gli obiettivi secondari sono: indagare la correlazione biologica tra l’assetto recettoriale del tumore mammario ed il profilo mutazionale di quello toracico, valutare se la pregressa terapia ormonale influenzi lo sviluppo di mutazioni driver polmonari ed analizzare la sopravvivenza globale per identificarne i principali fattori prognostici. Materiali e metodi: È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale ambispettivo monocentrico presso l’Istituto Oncologico Veneto su 251 pazienti di sesso femminile con doppia neoplasia primitiva mammaria e polmonare. Il periodo diagnostico analizzato è compreso tra il 1973 ed il 2025, con un cut-off di follow-up ad aprile 2026. Le analisi statistiche sono state svolte con il software open-source Jamovi (versione 2.6) e script dedicati in linguaggio di programmazione Python (versione 3). Risultati: Nello scenario predominante (72.9% dei casi) il tumore polmonare è insorto dopo quello mammario, con una latenza mediana di 112.9 mesi. L’analisi molecolare degli adenocarcinomi toracici ha evidenziato una frequenza di mutazioni EGFR del 32.9%, superiore a quella attesa nei carcinomi polmonari non a piccole cellule della popolazione generale. Nelle pazienti sotto i 65 anni con adenocarcinoma polmonare è emersa una forte associazione tra il fenotipo ER-negativo mammario e le mutazioni EGFR polmonari: l’80% delle pazienti ER-negative presentava un adenocarcinoma EGFR-mutato, contro il 19.2% dei casi con recettori positivi. Non è invece emersa alcuna associazione significativa tra la pregressa ormonoterapia e l’insorgenza di mutazioni driver polmonari. Infine, all’analisi multivariata limitata ai casi con neoplasia mammaria precedente a quella toracica, le caratteristiche del pregresso carcinoma mammario non hanno mostrato impatto prognostico indipendente sulla sopravvivenza globale, che appare guidata principalmente dall’età e dalle caratteristiche del tumore polmonare. Conclusioni: I risultati supportano l’ipotesi di un cross-talk tra i recettori ER ed EGFR e una possibile predisposizione all’attivazione di EGFR a livello polmonare nelle pazienti più giovani con neoplasia mammaria ER-negativa. L’ormonoterapia non ha mostrato associazioni significative con lo sviluppo di tali mutazioni, senza evidenza di un effetto mutageno sul tessuto polmonare. Poiché la sopravvivenza a lungo termine dipende principalmente dall’età della paziente e dalle caratteristiche istologiche e di stadio del tumore polmonare, i dati sottolineano l’importanza di una diagnosi precoce nelle donne con pregressa neoplasia mammaria. Si propone quindi di valutare in trial prospettici più ampi una sorveglianza toracica attiva in queste pazienti, per intercettare il tumore polmonare in stadio precoce e garantire un trattamento radicale, migliorando la prognosi.
Studio osservazionale ambispettivo monocentrico in pazienti con doppia neoplasia della mammella e del polmone: caratterizzazione clinico-patologica-molecolare e ruolo della terapia ormonale
MAMPRIN, ANDREA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: The clinical observation of double primary malignancies involving breast and lung in the same patient is increasing. Translational models highlight the existence of a functional interconnection and a biological cross-talk between the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway, which predominate in breast and lung cancer respectively. In light of this cellular interaction, the origin of thoracic driver mutations in these patients remains to be clarified. The clinical question focuses on whether specific pulmonary molecular alterations reflect a shared predisposition common to the two pathologies, or whether they emerge as a compensatory mechanism in response to the pharmacological blockade exerted by systemic hormone therapies. Aim of the study: The primary objective is to describe the clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics of a cohort of patients with double primary breast and lung cancer. Secondary objectives are: to investigate the biological correlation between the breast tumor receptor status and the thoracic mutational profile; to evaluate whether prior exposure to hormone therapy influences the development of pulmonary driver mutations; and finally to analyze overall survival to identify its main prognostic factors. Materials and methods: A single-center ambispective observational study was conducted at the Istituto Oncologico Veneto on 251 female patients with double primary breast and lung cancer. Diagnoses ranged from 1973 to 2025, with a follow-up cut-off in April 2026. Statistical analyses were performed using the open-source software Jamovi (version 2.6) and dedicated scripts in the Python programming language (version 3). Results: In the predominant scenario, accounting for 72.9% of cases, lung cancer developed after breast cancer following a median latency of 112.9 months. Molecular analysis of thoracic adenocarcinomas revealed an EGFR mutation frequency of 32.9%, a higher rate compared to what is typically observed in non-small cell lung cancers in the general population. In patients under 65 years of age with lung adenocarcinoma, a strong biological association emerged between the ER-negative breast phenotype and the pulmonary EGFR mutation. Specifically, 80% of patients lacking estrogen receptors had an EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma, compared to 19.2% observed in cases with positive receptors. Conversely, no significant correlation was found between prior hormone therapy and the onset of these mutations. Finally, multivariate survival analysis, restricted to patients whose breast malignancy preceded the thoracic one, demonstrated that the characteristics of the prior breast malignancy exert no independent prognostic impact on overall survival, which appears to be driven primarily by age and thoracic tumor characteristics. Conclusions: The study results support the hypothesis of a cross-talk between the ER and EGFR pathways, suggesting a possible predisposition to pulmonary EGFR activation in younger patients with ER-negative breast cancer. Furthermore, hormone therapy showed no significant association with the development of these mutations, a finding that does not indicate a mutagenic effect on lung tissue. Finally, since long-term survival appears to be influenced primarily by patient age and by the histological characteristics and stage of the lung tumor, these data underline the importance of early detection of the lung tumor in patients with a prior breast malignancy. Looking ahead, the study proposes evaluating, in prospective clinical trials on larger samples, the implementation of active thoracic surveillance in these patients, so as to detect the potential lung tumor at an early stage and ensure radical treatment, thereby improving prognosis.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108907