Background. Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis and a median overall survival of less than 12 months. For decades, treatment relied on platinum–etoposide chemotherapy alone, with limited benefit and modest survival. The addition of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (chemo-immunotherapy, CTIO) demonstrated a survival benefit in the randomized IMpower133 and CASPIAN trials and became the new first-line standard. Real-world data on its actual impact in clinical practice, particularly regarding long-term survival and the growing role of radiotherapy, remain limited. Study aims. To evaluate the impact of the introduction of chemo-immunotherapy in the clinical practice of extensive-stage SCLC, in terms of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The toxicity profile and complications were also considered in a real-world setting, more representative of routine practice than registrational trials, along with the changes in the treatment pathway resulting from immunotherapy, with attention to the integration of loco-regional treatments, particularly radiotherapy. Methods. A retrospective, multicenter observational study on 292 patients with extensive-stage SCLC who received first-line systemic therapy between 2016 and 2025 at three centers of the Veneto Oncology Network. The cohort was divided at May 2020, the month of AIFA approval of the carboplatin–etoposide–atezolizumab regimen. The post-2020 group also included patients who, for clinical reasons, had not received immunotherapy. The primary endpoint compares survival (PFS at 6/12 months; OS at 12/18 months) between the two temporal cohorts. Survival analyses used the Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test, comparing fixed-timepoint rates with the cloglog fixed-point test; prognostic associations were explored with Cox regression models. Response was assessed according to RECIST 1.1 and toxicity according to CTCAE v5.0, with separate recording of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Results. A total of 292 patients were included, 104 treated before May 2020 and 188 afterwards; of the latter, 43 did not receive immunotherapy due to contraindications. In the post-CTIO cohort, both PFS and OS improved (HR 0.7 for both; 95% CI 0.55–0.9 and 0.54–0.9; p=0.005). Rates at the predefined timepoints favoured the post-CTIO cohort: 12-month PFS 10% versus 1% (p=0.0023), 12-month OS 28% versus 15% (p=0.012) and 18-month OS 12% versus 2% (p=0.003). DCR was higher after the introduction of CTIO (74.2% versus 61.5%; p=0.025), whereas ORR did not differ. The occurrence of irAEs was associated with better outcomes (OS 11.1 versus 6.1 months; HR 0.51; p<0.001), without an increase in hospitalisations for toxicity. Consolidative thoracic radiotherapy, more frequent in the post-CTIO cohort (8.5% versus 1.9%; p=0.025), was associated with longer OS, with a median of 21.6 months (95% CI 17–NA, p<0.001) versus 6.7 months (95% CI 6.1–7.4, p<0.001). Radiotherapy for oligoprogression (12 patients) also showed favourable outcomes (median OS 16.1 versus 6.7 months; HR 2.69; p=0.002). At multivariate analysis, including clinical factors unrelated to oncological treatment, the use of proton pump inhibitors was associated with a worse prognosis in the CTIO group, while the negative prognostic impact of brain metastases was significant only in the pre-CTIO cohort. Conclusions. In a real-world setting, chemo-immunotherapy improved long-term survival in extensive-stage SCLC, consistent with clinical trials and without increasing toxicity-related hospitalisations. The increase in long-term survivors was accompanied by greater use of consolidation radiotherapy, with favourable outcomes, and of local treatments for oligoprogression. These observations require prospective validation, particularly regarding the role of local treatments and the synergy between radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
Presupposti dello studio. Il carcinoma polmonare a piccole cellule in stadio esteso è una neoplasia aggressiva e a prognosi sfavorevole, con sopravvivenza globale mediana inferiore a 12 mesi. Per decenni il trattamento si è basato sulla sola chemioterapia con platino ed etoposide, con beneficio e sopravvivenza limitati. L'aggiunta dell'immunoterapia con inibitori dei checkpoint immunitari (chemio-immunoterapia, CTIO) ha dimostrato un vantaggio di sopravvivenza negli studi randomizzati IMpower133 e CASPIAN, nuovo standard di prima linea. I dati real-world sulla sua ricaduta clinica, in particolare sulla sopravvivenza a lungo termine e sul ruolo della radioterapia, restano però limitati. Scopo dello studio. Valutare l'impatto dell'introduzione della chemio-immunoterapia nella pratica clinica del SCLC in stadio esteso, in termini di sopravvivenza globale (OS) e libera da progressione (PFS). Sono stati considerati anche il profilo di tossicità e le complicanze in un contesto real-world, più rappresentativo della pratica rispetto ai trial registrativi, e i cambiamenti nel percorso terapeutico conseguenti all'immunoterapia, con attenzione all'integrazione dei trattamenti loco-regionali, in particolare la radioterapia. Materiali e metodi. Studio osservazionale retrospettivo multicentrico su 292 pazienti con SCLC in stadio esteso, sottoposti a prima linea sistemica tra il 2016 e il 2025 presso tre centri della Rete Oncologica Veneta. La coorte è stata suddivisa al maggio 2020, mese di approvazione AIFA dello schema carboplatino-etoposide-atezolizumab. Nel gruppo post-2020 erano inclusi anche i pazienti che per motivi clinici non avevano ricevuto immunoterapia. L'endpoint primario confronta la sopravvivenza (PFS a 6/12 mesi; OS a 12/18 mesi) tra le due coorti. Le analisi di sopravvivenza con Kaplan-Meier e log-rank test, confrontando i tassi a tempi fissi mediante cloglog fixed-point test; le associazioni prognostiche con regressione di Cox. La risposta secondo RECIST 1.1 e la tossicità secondo CTCAE v5.0, con rilevazione distinta degli eventi immuno-relati (irAE). Risultati. Inclusi 292 pazienti, 104 trattati prima del maggio 2020 e 188 dopo; di questi, 43 senza immunoterapia per controindicazioni. Nella coorte post-CTIO sia la PFS che la OS sono migliorate (HR 0,7 per entrambe; 95% CI 0,55–0,9 e 0,54–0,9; p=0,005). I tassi ai tempi fissi favorivano la coorte post-CTIO: PFS a 12 mesi 10% contro 1% (p=0,0023), OS a 12 mesi 28% contro 15% (p=0,012) e a 18 mesi 12% contro 2% (p=0,003). La DCR era superiore dopo l'introduzione della CTIO (74,2% contro 61,5%; p=0,025), mentre l'ORR non differiva. La comparsa di irAE si associava a outcome migliori (OS 11,1 contro 6,1 mesi; HR 0,51; p<0,001), senza incremento delle ospedalizzazioni per tossicità. La radioterapia toracica di consolidamento, più frequente nella coorte post-CTIO (8,5% contro 1,9%; p=0,025), si associava a OS più lunga, con mediana 21,6 mesi (95%CI 17-NA, p<0,001) contro 6,7 mesi (95%CI 6,1-7,4, p<0,001). Anche la radioterapia sulle oligoprogressioni (12 pazienti) mostrava outcome favorevoli (OS mediana 16,1 contro 6,7 mesi; HR 2,69; p=0,002). All'analisi multivariata, con fattori clinici non oncologici, l'uso di inibitori di pompa protonica si associava a prognosi peggiore nel gruppo CTIO, mentre l'impatto prognostico negativo delle metastasi cerebrali era significativo solo nella coorte pre-CTIO. Conclusioni. In ambito real-world, la chemio-immunoterapia ha migliorato la sopravvivenza a lungo termine nello SCLC esteso, in linea con i trial clinici e senza incrementare le ospedalizzazioni per tossicità. L'aumento dei lungo-sopravviventi si è accompagnato a maggior ricorso alla radioterapia di consolidamento con outcome favorevoli e ai trattamenti locali sulle oligoprogressioni. Tali osservazioni richiedono validazione prospettica, specie sul ruolo dei trattamenti locali e sul sinergismo radioterapia-immunoterapia.
Impatto dell’introduzione dell’immunoterapia nella gestione del carcinoma polmonare a piccole cellule: uno studio real world
RIGHETTO, DANIELE
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis and a median overall survival of less than 12 months. For decades, treatment relied on platinum–etoposide chemotherapy alone, with limited benefit and modest survival. The addition of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (chemo-immunotherapy, CTIO) demonstrated a survival benefit in the randomized IMpower133 and CASPIAN trials and became the new first-line standard. Real-world data on its actual impact in clinical practice, particularly regarding long-term survival and the growing role of radiotherapy, remain limited. Study aims. To evaluate the impact of the introduction of chemo-immunotherapy in the clinical practice of extensive-stage SCLC, in terms of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The toxicity profile and complications were also considered in a real-world setting, more representative of routine practice than registrational trials, along with the changes in the treatment pathway resulting from immunotherapy, with attention to the integration of loco-regional treatments, particularly radiotherapy. Methods. A retrospective, multicenter observational study on 292 patients with extensive-stage SCLC who received first-line systemic therapy between 2016 and 2025 at three centers of the Veneto Oncology Network. The cohort was divided at May 2020, the month of AIFA approval of the carboplatin–etoposide–atezolizumab regimen. The post-2020 group also included patients who, for clinical reasons, had not received immunotherapy. The primary endpoint compares survival (PFS at 6/12 months; OS at 12/18 months) between the two temporal cohorts. Survival analyses used the Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test, comparing fixed-timepoint rates with the cloglog fixed-point test; prognostic associations were explored with Cox regression models. Response was assessed according to RECIST 1.1 and toxicity according to CTCAE v5.0, with separate recording of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Results. A total of 292 patients were included, 104 treated before May 2020 and 188 afterwards; of the latter, 43 did not receive immunotherapy due to contraindications. In the post-CTIO cohort, both PFS and OS improved (HR 0.7 for both; 95% CI 0.55–0.9 and 0.54–0.9; p=0.005). Rates at the predefined timepoints favoured the post-CTIO cohort: 12-month PFS 10% versus 1% (p=0.0023), 12-month OS 28% versus 15% (p=0.012) and 18-month OS 12% versus 2% (p=0.003). DCR was higher after the introduction of CTIO (74.2% versus 61.5%; p=0.025), whereas ORR did not differ. The occurrence of irAEs was associated with better outcomes (OS 11.1 versus 6.1 months; HR 0.51; p<0.001), without an increase in hospitalisations for toxicity. Consolidative thoracic radiotherapy, more frequent in the post-CTIO cohort (8.5% versus 1.9%; p=0.025), was associated with longer OS, with a median of 21.6 months (95% CI 17–NA, p<0.001) versus 6.7 months (95% CI 6.1–7.4, p<0.001). Radiotherapy for oligoprogression (12 patients) also showed favourable outcomes (median OS 16.1 versus 6.7 months; HR 2.69; p=0.002). At multivariate analysis, including clinical factors unrelated to oncological treatment, the use of proton pump inhibitors was associated with a worse prognosis in the CTIO group, while the negative prognostic impact of brain metastases was significant only in the pre-CTIO cohort. Conclusions. In a real-world setting, chemo-immunotherapy improved long-term survival in extensive-stage SCLC, consistent with clinical trials and without increasing toxicity-related hospitalisations. The increase in long-term survivors was accompanied by greater use of consolidation radiotherapy, with favourable outcomes, and of local treatments for oligoprogression. These observations require prospective validation, particularly regarding the role of local treatments and the synergy between radiotherapy and immunotherapy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108909