Introduction: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of the most common hematologic malignancies among young adults, with a peak incidence occurring during the years of highest reproductive potential. Owing to continuous therapeutic advances, survival rates are currently very high, making the assessment of long-term treatment-related effects increasingly important. Among these, preservation of male reproductive function is of particular relevance, as chemotherapy and radiotherapy may cause permanent impairment of spermatogenesis and testicular endocrine function. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term impact of different treatment protocols on gonadal function. Patients treated with the standard ABVD regimen were compared with those who received more intensive therapies including alkylating agents and/or pelvic radiotherapy. A secondary objective was to identify potential predictors of persistent gonadal damage through the analysis of seminal, ultrasonographic, and endocrine parameters. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, single-center, longitudinal study was conducted on 64 patients with HL followed at the Andrology Unit. All participants had undergone semen cryopreservation before the initiation of oncological treatment and were subsequently enrolled in an andrological follow-up program including specialist examination, scrotal ultrasound, hormonal assessment, and semen analysis. For each patient, the main seminal, endocrine, and ultrasonographic parameters were collected at four different time points: before treatment initiation, approximately one year after treatment completion, two years after treatment completion, and at the last available follow-up visit. The evaluated parameters included semen volume, pH, total sperm count, sperm concentration, progressive motility, morphology, mean testicular volume, and serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and total testosterone. The prevalence of azoospermia, the development of hypogonadism, and the achievement of spontaneous or medically assisted pregnancies were also assessed. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 24.76 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 7.38 years. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in spermatogenic function after treatment, as evidenced by decreases in total sperm count and sperm concentration compared with baseline values. Patients treated with the ABVD regimen showed a partial recovery of seminal parameters during follow-up, whereas those receiving more intensive treatments exhibited more severe and persistent impairment of spermatogenesis, with a higher prevalence of azoospermia and increased FSH levels. A significant correlation was also observed between spermatogenic function, mean testicular volume, and FSH levels. In particular, FSH was inversely correlated with sperm count and emerged as a potential predictor of azoospermia. Conversely, mean testicular volume was positively associated with sperm production. Finally, an increased prevalence of hypogonadism was observed in the long term, suggesting that a proportion of patients may develop persistent endocrine dysfunction even several years after treatment completion. Conclusions: This study confirms that HL treatments may result in persistent alterations of male reproductive function and testicular endocrine status. The severity of gonadal damage appears to be related to treatment intensity, with a more favorable reproductive prognosis in patients treated with the ABVD regimen compared with those receiving alkylating agent-containing regimens and/or pelvic radiotherapy. FSH emerged as a potential predictive biomarker of spermatogenic damage, while mean testicular volume proved to be a useful indicator of residual gonadal function.
Introduzione: Il linfoma di Hodgkin (LH) rappresenta una delle neoplasie ematologiche più frequenti nei giovani adulti, con un picco di incidenza nel periodo della massima età riproduttiva. Grazie ai continui progressi, i tassi di sopravvivenza sono elevati, rendendo fondamentale la valutazione degli effetti a lungo termine delle cure. Tra questi, la preservazione della funzione riproduttiva maschile, poiché la chemioterapia e la radioterapia possono determinare alterazioni permanenti della spermatogenesi e della funzione endocrina testicolare. Obiettivi: L’obiettivo principale di questo studio è valutare l’impatto a lungo termine dei diversi protocolli terapeutici. Sono stati confrontati i pazienti trattati con protocollo standard ABVD e quelli sottoposti a regimi più intensivi contenenti agenti alchilanti o associati a radioterapia pelvica. Ulteriore obiettivo è identificare possibili fattori predittivi di danno gonadico persistente, attraverso l’analisi dei parametri seminali, ecografici ed endocrini. Materiali e Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo monocentrico longitudinale su 64 pazienti affetti da LH seguiti presso l’UOC di Andrologia. Tutti i soggetti avevano aderito a un programma di crioconservazione del liquido seminale prima dell’inizio delle terapie oncologiche e successivamente a un follow-up andrologico comprendente visita specialistica, ecografia scrotale, esami ormonali e spermiogramma. Per ciascun paziente sono stati raccolti i principali parametri seminali, endocrini ed ecografici in quattro differenti momenti: prima dell’inizio delle terapie, a circa un anno dal termine del trattamento, a due anni dal termine delle cure e all’ultimo controllo disponibile. Sono stati analizzati volume seminale, pH, conta totale e concentrazione spermatica, motilità progressiva, morfologia, volume testicolare medio, livelli sierici di LH, FSH e testosterone totale. È stata inoltre valutata la frequenza di azoospermia, lo sviluppo di ipogonadismo e il raggiungimento di gravidanze spontanee o mediante tecniche di PMA. Risultati: I pazienti avevano un’età media alla diagnosi di 24,76 anni e un follow-up medio di 7,38 anni. L’analisi statistica ha evidenziato una significativa riduzione della funzione spermatogenetica dopo il trattamento, documentata dal calo della conta totale e della concentrazione spermatica rispetto ai valori basali. I soggetti trattati con protocollo ABVD hanno presentato un recupero parziale dei parametri seminali nel corso del follow-up, mentre quelli sottoposti a regimi più intensivi hanno evidenziato una compromissione più severa e persistente della spermatogenesi, con una maggiore frequenza di azoospermia e valori più elevati di FSH. È stata inoltre osservata una significativa correlazione tra funzione spermatogenetica, volume testicolare medio e livelli di FSH. In particolare, l’FSH è risultato inversamente correlato alla conta spermatica e si è dimostrato un potenziale predittore di azoospermia. Parallelamente, il volume testicolare medio è risultato positivamente associato alla produzione di spermatozoi. Infine, è stato osservato un aumento della prevalenza di ipogonadismo nel lungo termine, suggerendo che una quota di pazienti possa sviluppare una compromissione endocrina persistente anche diversi anni dopo la fine delle terapie. Conclusioni: Il presente studio conferma che i trattamenti possono determinare alterazioni persistenti della funzione riproduttiva maschile e dell’assetto endocrino testicolare. L’entità del danno risulta correlata all’intensità terapeutica, con una prognosi migliore nei pazienti trattati con protocollo ABVD rispetto a quelli sottoposti a regimi contenenti agenti alchilanti o associati a radioterapia pelvica. L’FSH si è dimostrato un potenziale biomarcatore predittivo di danno spermatogenetico, mentre il volume testicolare medio si è confermato un utile indicatore della funzionalità gonadica residua.
Alterazioni endocrine e riproduttive dopo trattamento per il Linfoma di Hodgkin con chemioterapia e radioterapia: studio clinico osservazionale retrospettivo
GALVAN, ALICE
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of the most common hematologic malignancies among young adults, with a peak incidence occurring during the years of highest reproductive potential. Owing to continuous therapeutic advances, survival rates are currently very high, making the assessment of long-term treatment-related effects increasingly important. Among these, preservation of male reproductive function is of particular relevance, as chemotherapy and radiotherapy may cause permanent impairment of spermatogenesis and testicular endocrine function. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term impact of different treatment protocols on gonadal function. Patients treated with the standard ABVD regimen were compared with those who received more intensive therapies including alkylating agents and/or pelvic radiotherapy. A secondary objective was to identify potential predictors of persistent gonadal damage through the analysis of seminal, ultrasonographic, and endocrine parameters. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, single-center, longitudinal study was conducted on 64 patients with HL followed at the Andrology Unit. All participants had undergone semen cryopreservation before the initiation of oncological treatment and were subsequently enrolled in an andrological follow-up program including specialist examination, scrotal ultrasound, hormonal assessment, and semen analysis. For each patient, the main seminal, endocrine, and ultrasonographic parameters were collected at four different time points: before treatment initiation, approximately one year after treatment completion, two years after treatment completion, and at the last available follow-up visit. The evaluated parameters included semen volume, pH, total sperm count, sperm concentration, progressive motility, morphology, mean testicular volume, and serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and total testosterone. The prevalence of azoospermia, the development of hypogonadism, and the achievement of spontaneous or medically assisted pregnancies were also assessed. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 24.76 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 7.38 years. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in spermatogenic function after treatment, as evidenced by decreases in total sperm count and sperm concentration compared with baseline values. Patients treated with the ABVD regimen showed a partial recovery of seminal parameters during follow-up, whereas those receiving more intensive treatments exhibited more severe and persistent impairment of spermatogenesis, with a higher prevalence of azoospermia and increased FSH levels. A significant correlation was also observed between spermatogenic function, mean testicular volume, and FSH levels. In particular, FSH was inversely correlated with sperm count and emerged as a potential predictor of azoospermia. Conversely, mean testicular volume was positively associated with sperm production. Finally, an increased prevalence of hypogonadism was observed in the long term, suggesting that a proportion of patients may develop persistent endocrine dysfunction even several years after treatment completion. Conclusions: This study confirms that HL treatments may result in persistent alterations of male reproductive function and testicular endocrine status. The severity of gonadal damage appears to be related to treatment intensity, with a more favorable reproductive prognosis in patients treated with the ABVD regimen compared with those receiving alkylating agent-containing regimens and/or pelvic radiotherapy. FSH emerged as a potential predictive biomarker of spermatogenic damage, while mean testicular volume proved to be a useful indicator of residual gonadal function.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108912