Background: Liquid biopsy has progressively gained a significant role in the molecular characterization of metastatic breast cancer, offering a dynamic and minimally invasive assessment of the tumor profile. Among its most promising applications is the identification of germline BRCA1/2 mutations through circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, a complementary approach to conventional germline testing that could optimize access to genetic counseling and PARP inhibitor therapies. However, available evidence remains limited, deriving predominantly from small and heterogeneous cohorts, and the ability of liquid biopsy to discriminate germline from somatic variants using Variant Allele Frequency (VAF) remains largely unexplored in real-world settings. Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and potential clinical utility of liquid biopsy as a pre-screening tool for the identification of germline BRCA1/2 mutations in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer, specifically investigating whether a VAF ≥40% threshold can be used as a discriminating criterion between germline and somatic variants. Materials and methods: This observational study retrospectively analyzed data from 104 patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer enrolled in the CHAMBER protocol at the Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS). For each patient, both ctDNA analysis results obtained by NGS using a multigene panel and germline BRCA1/2 status determined according to current clinical practice on DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes were available. Variants with VAF ≥40% were considered potentially of germline origin. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and Cohen's κ coefficient were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Results: ctDNA analysis identified BRCA1/2 variants in 15 out of 104 patients (14.4%), for a total of 16 variants. Applying the VAF ≥40% cut-off for the classification of variants as putatively germline, 7 patients tested positive by liquid biopsy, corresponding to the 7 confirmed germline mutation carriers (true positives=7, false positives=0, false negatives=0). All germline variants showed VAF ≥40% (range 48.6–74.0%, median 55.2%), while all somatic variants showed VAF <40% (range 0.2–26.2%, median 0.4%). Sensitivity was 100% (95% CI: 65–100%), specificity 100% (95% CI: 96–100%), NPV 100% (95% CI: 96–100%), PPV 100% (95% CI: 65–100%), and Cohen's κ=1.000 (perfect agreement). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that liquid biopsy represents a promising tool for germline BRCA1/2 mutation pre-screening in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer. The application of the VAF ≥40% cut-off allowed the precise identification of germline variants, eliminating all false positives and achieving perfect concordance with standard germline testing. These data support the use of liquid biopsy as a triage tool to prioritize referral to genetic counseling for patients carrying a BRCA variant with VAF ≥40%, with potential access to PARP inhibitor therapies. These results require confirmation in larger cohorts and dedicated prospective studies.
Razionale: La biopsia liquida ha progressivamente acquisito un ruolo significativo nella caratterizzazione molecolare del carcinoma mammario metastatico, offrendo una valutazione dinamica e minimamente invasiva del profilo tumorale. Tra le sue applicazioni più promettenti vi è l'identificazione di mutazioni germinali BRCA1/2 mediante analisi del DNA tumorale circolante (ctDNA), un approccio complementare al test germinale convenzionale che potrebbe ottimizzare l'accesso alla consulenza genetica e alle terapie con inibitori di PARP. Tuttavia, le evidenze disponibili restano limitate, derivando prevalentemente da casistiche ridotte e non omogenee, e la capacità della biopsia liquida di discriminare varianti germinali da varianti somatiche mediante la Variant Allele Frequency (VAF) rimane ancora scarsamente esplorata in contesti real world. Scopo dello studio: Il presente studio mira a valutare la fattibilità, l'accuratezza diagnostica e la potenziale utilità clinica della biopsia liquida come strumento di pre-screening per l'identificazione di mutazioni germinali BRCA1/2 in pazienti con carcinoma mammario metastatico HR+/HER2−, verificando in particolare se il parametro VAF ≥40% possa essere impiegato come criterio discriminante tra varianti germinali e somatiche. Materiali e metodi: Lo studio osservazionale ha analizzato retrospettivamente i dati di 104 pazienti affette da carcinoma mammario metastatico HR+/HER2−, arruolate nell'ambito del protocollo CHAMBER presso l'Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV-IRCCS). Per ciascuna paziente erano disponibili sia i risultati dell'analisi del ctDNA mediante sequenziamento NGS su pannello multigenico, sia lo stato mutazionale germinale BRCA1/2 determinato secondo la pratica clinica corrente su DNA estratto da leucociti periferici. Le varianti con VAF ≥40% sono state considerate potenzialmente di origine germinale. Sono stati calcolati sensibilità, specificità, valore predittivo positivo (PPV), valore predittivo negativo (NPV) e coefficiente κ di Cohen, con intervalli di confidenza al 95%. Risultati: L'analisi del ctDNA ha identificato varianti BRCA1/2 in 15 pazienti su 104 (14.4%), per un totale di 16 varianti. Applicando il cut-off VAF ≥40% per la classificazione delle varianti come putatively germline, 7 pazienti risultavano positive alla biopsia liquida, corrispondenti alle 7 portatrici di mutazione germinale confermata al test standard (veri positivi=7, falsi positivi=0, falsi negativi=0). Tutte le varianti germinali presentavano VAF ≥40% (range 48.6–74.0%, mediana 55.2%), mentre tutte le varianti somatiche mostravano VAF <40% (range 0.2–26.2%, mediana 0.4%). La sensibilità era del 100% (IC 95%: 65–100%), la specificità del 100% (IC 95%: 96–100%), il NPV del 100% (IC 95%: 96–100%), il PPV del 100% (IC 95%: 65–100%) e il coefficiente κ di Cohen=1.000 (concordanza perfetta). Conclusioni: I risultati di questo studio indicano che la biopsia liquida rappresenti uno strumento promettente per il pre-screening delle mutazioni germinali BRCA1/2 nelle pazienti con carcinoma mammario metastatico HR+/HER2−. L'applicazione del cut-off VAF ≥40% ha consentito di identificare con precisione assoluta le varianti di origine germinale, eliminando tutti i falsi positivi e raggiungendo una concordanza perfetta con il test germinale standard. Questi dati supportano l'utilizzo della biopsia liquida come strumento di triage per indirizzare prioritariamente alla consulenza genetica le pazienti con variante BRCA e VAF ≥40%, con potenziale accesso ai PARP-inibitori. Questi risultati necessitano di conferma su casistiche più ampie e in studi prospettici dedicati.
Biopsia liquida come strumento per identificare mutazioni germline di BRCA1/2 in pazienti con neoplasia mammaria
VAROTTO, ALICE
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Liquid biopsy has progressively gained a significant role in the molecular characterization of metastatic breast cancer, offering a dynamic and minimally invasive assessment of the tumor profile. Among its most promising applications is the identification of germline BRCA1/2 mutations through circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, a complementary approach to conventional germline testing that could optimize access to genetic counseling and PARP inhibitor therapies. However, available evidence remains limited, deriving predominantly from small and heterogeneous cohorts, and the ability of liquid biopsy to discriminate germline from somatic variants using Variant Allele Frequency (VAF) remains largely unexplored in real-world settings. Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and potential clinical utility of liquid biopsy as a pre-screening tool for the identification of germline BRCA1/2 mutations in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer, specifically investigating whether a VAF ≥40% threshold can be used as a discriminating criterion between germline and somatic variants. Materials and methods: This observational study retrospectively analyzed data from 104 patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer enrolled in the CHAMBER protocol at the Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS). For each patient, both ctDNA analysis results obtained by NGS using a multigene panel and germline BRCA1/2 status determined according to current clinical practice on DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes were available. Variants with VAF ≥40% were considered potentially of germline origin. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and Cohen's κ coefficient were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Results: ctDNA analysis identified BRCA1/2 variants in 15 out of 104 patients (14.4%), for a total of 16 variants. Applying the VAF ≥40% cut-off for the classification of variants as putatively germline, 7 patients tested positive by liquid biopsy, corresponding to the 7 confirmed germline mutation carriers (true positives=7, false positives=0, false negatives=0). All germline variants showed VAF ≥40% (range 48.6–74.0%, median 55.2%), while all somatic variants showed VAF <40% (range 0.2–26.2%, median 0.4%). Sensitivity was 100% (95% CI: 65–100%), specificity 100% (95% CI: 96–100%), NPV 100% (95% CI: 96–100%), PPV 100% (95% CI: 65–100%), and Cohen's κ=1.000 (perfect agreement). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that liquid biopsy represents a promising tool for germline BRCA1/2 mutation pre-screening in patients with HR+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer. The application of the VAF ≥40% cut-off allowed the precise identification of germline variants, eliminating all false positives and achieving perfect concordance with standard germline testing. These data support the use of liquid biopsy as a triage tool to prioritize referral to genetic counseling for patients carrying a BRCA variant with VAF ≥40%, with potential access to PARP inhibitor therapies. These results require confirmation in larger cohorts and dedicated prospective studies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108916