Lupus nephritis (LN) represents one of the most frequent and severe manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Although clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of voclosporin and belimumab in combination with standard therapy, real-world evidence remains limited. The primary objective of the study was to compare renal response rates among episodes treated with MMF, MMF plus BEL, and MMF plus VOC. Changes in proteinuria, SLEDAI-2K, and eGFR, as well as glucocorticoid-sparing effects over time, were also compared. Finally, long-term outcomes, including mortality, CKD, ESRD, and relapse rates together with their predictors, were evaluated. A single-center retrospective observational study was conducted at the University Hospital of Padua (AOPD), including 155 patients with SLE who experienced one to three episodes of LN between 1980 and 2026. A total of 185 LN episodes treated with MMF monotherapy, 24 with MMF plus BEL, and 8 with MMF plus VOC were identified. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data were collected at baseline and during a 24-month follow-up period for each episode. Episodes treated with combination therapies occurred in patients with longer disease duration compared with the MMF group (p = 0.033) and at an older age (p = 0.035); moreover, they were more frequently third LN episodes (50% in the voclosporin group and 25% in the belimumab group; p < 0.001). Patients treated with BEL showed a higher use of HCQ and higher anti-dsDNA and SLEDAI-2K values compared with those treated with VOC. All therapeutic regimens achieved good renal responses, with reductions in proteinuria and SLEDAI-2K over the 24-month follow-up period, without significant differences among groups. Similarly, renal function was maintained over time in all treatment groups. At 6 months, proteinuria was lower in the MMF plus voclosporin group (0.3 vs 0.6 g/day total proteinuria; p = 0.009). Low rates of mortality and CKD/ESRD were observed across all three groups (2.2% and 12%, respectively). In contrast, the risk of relapse was high (40% at 10 years) and persisted over time. Low baseline C4 levels were predictive of complete renal response (CRR) at 12 months (OR 3.13; 95% CI 1.28–7.90; p = 0.013). Treatment with MMF plus VOC, together with a lower number of LN episodes, were predictors of a faster achievement of CRR over time (HR 3.21; 95% CI 1.34–7.70; p = 0.009 and HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.40–0.83; p = 0.003, respectively). Higher baseline eGFR (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95–1.00; p = 0.023) and achievement of CRR at 12 months (HR 0.21; 95% CI 0.05–0.85; p = 0.029) were associated with a lower risk of CKD/ESRD. Finally, all treatment regimens resulted in glucocorticoid dose reduction over time, particularly the MMF plus VOC group, which showed significantly lower doses as early as 4 weeks (p = 0.014) and subsequently at 3, 6, and 12 months (p < 0.001), reaching a median dose of 0 mg/day at 12 months. All three therapeutic regimens proved effective in the management of LN and in preserving renal function. Combination therapies appear to represent a potential therapeutic option for patients with more refractory and relapsing disease. Although the MMF plus VOC group demonstrated a more rapid reduction in proteinuria, a greater steroid-sparing effect, and a higher probability of achieving CRR over time (consistent with the AURORA 1 study), these findings should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size and the non-randomized nature of the comparison. Baseline eGFR and CRR at 12 months were associated with a lower risk of CKD/ESRD, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment of lupus nephritis. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm these findings and better define the role of combination therapies in clinical practice.
La nefrite lupica (LN) rappresenta una delle manifestazioni più frequenti e gravi del LES ed è associata a un aumentato rischio di malattia renale cronica (CKD) e di malattia renale allo stadio terminale (ESRD). Sebbene gli studi clinici abbiano dimostrato l’efficacia di voclosporina (VOC) e belimumab (BEL) in associazione alla terapia standard, le evidenze real-world sono ancora limitate. L’obiettivo dello studio era confrontare i tassi di risposta renale tra episodi di LN trattati con MMF in monoterapia, MMF+BEL e MMF+VOC. Sono stati valutati i cambiamenti di proteinuria, SLEDAI-2K, eGFR ed effetto steroid-sparing nel tempo. Infine, sono stati analizzati mortalità, CKD, ESRD, recidive e relativi fattori predittivi. È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico presso l’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, includendo 155 pazienti con LES con uno fino a tre episodi di LN tra il 1980 e il 2026. Sono stati identificati 185 episodi trattati con MMF, 24 con MMF+BEL e 8 con MMF+VOC. Per ogni episodio sono stati raccolti dati epidemiologici, clinici, laboratoristici e terapeutici al basale e durante 24 mesi di follow-up. Gli episodi trattati con terapie di combinazione si sono verificati in pazienti con maggiore durata di malattia rispetto al gruppo MMF (p=0,033), età più avanzata (p=0,035) e più frequentemente durante un terzo episodio di LN (50% nel gruppo VOC e 25% nel gruppo BEL; p<0,001). I pazienti trattati con BEL presentavano un maggiore utilizzo di idrossiclorochina e valori più elevati di anti-dsDNA e SLEDAI-2K. Tutti i regimi hanno ottenuto buone risposte renali, con riduzione di proteinuria e SLEDAI-2K nei 24 mesi di follow-up, senza differenze significative tra i gruppi. La funzione renale è rimasta stabile nel tempo in tutti i trattamenti. A 6 mesi, la proteinuria era inferiore nel gruppo MMF+VOC rispetto agli altri gruppi (0,3 vs 0,6 g/die; p=0,009). Sono stati osservati bassi tassi di mortalità e CKD/ESRD in tutti i gruppi (2,2% e 12%, rispettivamente). Al contrario, il rischio di recidiva risultava elevato (40% a 10 anni) e persistente nel tempo. Bassi livelli basali di C4 erano associati a una maggiore probabilità di risposta renale completa (CRR) a 12 mesi (OR 3,13; IC95% 1,28–7,90; p=0,013). Il trattamento con MMF+VOC e un minor numero di episodi di LN predicevano un più rapido raggiungimento della CRR (HR 3,21; IC95% 1,34–7,70; p=0,009 e HR 0,58; IC95% 0,40–0,83; p=0,003, rispettivamente). Un eGFR basale più elevato (HR 0,97; IC95% 0,95–1,00; p=0,023) e il raggiungimento della CRR a 12 mesi (HR 0,21; IC95% 0,05–0,85; p=0,029) erano associati a un minor rischio di CKD/ESRD. Tutti i trattamenti hanno consentito una progressiva riduzione della dose di glucocorticoidi, particolarmente evidente nel gruppo MMF+VOC, che mostrava dosi significativamente inferiori già dopo 4 settimane (p=0,014) e successivamente a 3, 6 e 12 mesi (p<0,001), raggiungendo una dose mediana di 0 mg/die a 12 mesi. In conclusione, tutti e tre i regimi si sono dimostrati efficaci nel trattamento della LN e nel mantenimento del filtrato. Le terapie di combinazione rappresentano una possibile opzione per pazienti con malattia più refrattaria e recidivante. Sebbene MMF+VOC abbia mostrato una più rapida riduzione della proteinuria, un maggiore effetto steroid-sparing e una maggiore probabilità di CRR, in accordo con lo studio AURORA 1, tali risultati devono essere interpretati con cautela per la ridotta numerosità campionaria e l’assenza di randomizzazione. L’eGFR basale e la CRR a 12 mesi risultano associati a un minor rischio di CKD/ESRD, sottolineando l’importanza di una diagnosi precoce e di un trattamento tempestivo. Studi prospettici con campioni più ampi saranno necessari per confermare questi risultati e definire meglio il ruolo delle terapie di combinazione nella pratica clinica.
Trattamento della nefrite lupica: studio caso-controllo di diversi approcci terapeutici.
ROSSILLI, RICCARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) represents one of the most frequent and severe manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Although clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of voclosporin and belimumab in combination with standard therapy, real-world evidence remains limited. The primary objective of the study was to compare renal response rates among episodes treated with MMF, MMF plus BEL, and MMF plus VOC. Changes in proteinuria, SLEDAI-2K, and eGFR, as well as glucocorticoid-sparing effects over time, were also compared. Finally, long-term outcomes, including mortality, CKD, ESRD, and relapse rates together with their predictors, were evaluated. A single-center retrospective observational study was conducted at the University Hospital of Padua (AOPD), including 155 patients with SLE who experienced one to three episodes of LN between 1980 and 2026. A total of 185 LN episodes treated with MMF monotherapy, 24 with MMF plus BEL, and 8 with MMF plus VOC were identified. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data were collected at baseline and during a 24-month follow-up period for each episode. Episodes treated with combination therapies occurred in patients with longer disease duration compared with the MMF group (p = 0.033) and at an older age (p = 0.035); moreover, they were more frequently third LN episodes (50% in the voclosporin group and 25% in the belimumab group; p < 0.001). Patients treated with BEL showed a higher use of HCQ and higher anti-dsDNA and SLEDAI-2K values compared with those treated with VOC. All therapeutic regimens achieved good renal responses, with reductions in proteinuria and SLEDAI-2K over the 24-month follow-up period, without significant differences among groups. Similarly, renal function was maintained over time in all treatment groups. At 6 months, proteinuria was lower in the MMF plus voclosporin group (0.3 vs 0.6 g/day total proteinuria; p = 0.009). Low rates of mortality and CKD/ESRD were observed across all three groups (2.2% and 12%, respectively). In contrast, the risk of relapse was high (40% at 10 years) and persisted over time. Low baseline C4 levels were predictive of complete renal response (CRR) at 12 months (OR 3.13; 95% CI 1.28–7.90; p = 0.013). Treatment with MMF plus VOC, together with a lower number of LN episodes, were predictors of a faster achievement of CRR over time (HR 3.21; 95% CI 1.34–7.70; p = 0.009 and HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.40–0.83; p = 0.003, respectively). Higher baseline eGFR (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95–1.00; p = 0.023) and achievement of CRR at 12 months (HR 0.21; 95% CI 0.05–0.85; p = 0.029) were associated with a lower risk of CKD/ESRD. Finally, all treatment regimens resulted in glucocorticoid dose reduction over time, particularly the MMF plus VOC group, which showed significantly lower doses as early as 4 weeks (p = 0.014) and subsequently at 3, 6, and 12 months (p < 0.001), reaching a median dose of 0 mg/day at 12 months. All three therapeutic regimens proved effective in the management of LN and in preserving renal function. Combination therapies appear to represent a potential therapeutic option for patients with more refractory and relapsing disease. Although the MMF plus VOC group demonstrated a more rapid reduction in proteinuria, a greater steroid-sparing effect, and a higher probability of achieving CRR over time (consistent with the AURORA 1 study), these findings should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size and the non-randomized nature of the comparison. Baseline eGFR and CRR at 12 months were associated with a lower risk of CKD/ESRD, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment of lupus nephritis. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm these findings and better define the role of combination therapies in clinical practice.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108921