Immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases (IBD, SpA, and RA) are associated with a significantly increased risk of reduced bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures. The pathogenetic mechanisms involved are multiple and partially overlapping: chronic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines activates the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis, promoting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, while glucocorticoids, malabsorption, nutritional deficiencies, and reduced physical activity contribute to amplifying skeletal damage. The prevalence of osteoporosis is estimated to be 15%-42% in IBD, 20%-30% in RA, and 18%-62% in SpA. The primary objective of the study is to compare the prevalence of calcium-phosphorus metabolism alterations and osteoporosis in patients with IBD against those with isolated inflammatory rheumatic disease, correlating these findings with clinical history, steroid use, dietary calcium intake, malnutrition risk, and physical activity. The secondary objective is to examine alterations in bone turnover markers in relation to the presence or absence of an osteopenia/osteoporosis diagnosis, both in patients with IBD and those with arthritis. This is an observational, single-center, non-profit study conducted between October 2025 and April 2026 at the specialized outpatient clinics of the Ca' Foncello Hospital in Treviso. Adult patients with a known diagnosis of IBD or inflammatory rheumatic disease for at least 3 months were enrolled. Preliminary results include patients who underwent DEXA scans and calcium-phosphorus metabolism evaluation, in accordance with clinical recommendations. Dietary calcium intake was calculated using the IOF Calcium Calculator, malnutrition risk via the MUST tool, and physical activity level using the IPAQ. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v.29, employing binary logistic regression to identify independent predictors of osteoporosis. The study population consists of 116 patients (81 with IBD and 35 with Arthritis). The Arthritis group presented with significantly higher age, menopause prevalence, BMI, and steroid exposure compared to the IBD cohort. The overall prevalence of BMD alterations was similar between the two groups (64% in IBD vs. 69% in Arthritis). However, the median age at diagnosis of osteopenia (52 vs. 66 years) and osteoporosis (56 vs. 77 years) was significantly lower in the IBD group, despite a lower rate of previously established diagnoses at baseline (2.5% vs. 11.4%) and lower vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Biochemical alterations (primarily calciuria, vitamin D, and PTH) were significantly more frequent in IBD; furthermore, 81.8% of IBD patients with a normal DEXA scan already exhibited such abnormalities. Only in IBD patients was an elevated CRP associated with significantly higher values of the bone resorption marker CTx. Dietary calcium intake was critically insufficient in both cohorts. In the multivariate analysis, age was confirmed as the only independent predictor of osteoporosis, while an Arthritis diagnosis showed a protective trend with borderline significance compared to IBD. The results indicate that, although the prevalence of bone damage is comparable between the two groups, IBD patients develop bone alterations prematurely and with lower steroid exposure. This suggests a predominant catabolic effect of intestine-specific factors, independent of conventional risk factors. Furthermore, the high frequency of biochemical alterations in subjects with normal densitometry highlights the existence of a pre-clinical phase of dysmetabolism, in which blood and urine tests act as early sentinels.
Le malattie infiammatorie croniche immuno-mediate (MICI, SpA e AR) sono associate a un rischio significativamente aumentato di riduzione della densità minerale ossea, osteoporosi e fratture da fragilità. I meccanismi patogenetici coinvolti sono molteplici e parzialmente sovrapposti: l'infiammazione cronica mediata da citochine pro-infiammatorie attiva l'asse RANK/RANKL/OPG promuovendo l'osteoclastogenesi e il riassorbimento osseo, mentre i glucocorticoidi, il malassorbimento, le carenze nutrizionali e la ridotta attività fisica contribuiscono ad amplificare il danno scheletrico. La prevalenza di osteoporosi nelle MICI è stimata tra 15% - 42%, nell'AR tra 20% - 30% e nelle SpA tra 18% - 62%. L’obiettivo primario dello studio è confrontare la prevalenza delle alterazioni del metabolismo fosfo-calcico e dell'osteoporosi nei pazienti con MICI rispetto a quella riscontrata nei pazienti con sola patologia reumatica infiammatoria, mettendola in relazione con la storia clinica, l’uso di steroidi, l’introito alimentare di calcio, il rischio di malnutrizione e l’attività fisica. L’obiettivo secondario è esaminare le alterazioni dei marcatori di turnover osseo in relazione alla presenza o meno di una diagnosi di osteopenia/osteoporosi, sia nei pazienti con MICI sia in quelli con artrite. Lo studio è osservazionale, monocentrico, no profit, condotto tra ottobre 2025 e aprile 2026 presso gli ambulatori specialistici dell'Ospedale Ca' Foncello di Treviso. Sono stati arruolati pazienti adulti con diagnosi nota di MICI o di patologia reumatica infiammatoria da almeno 3 mesi. I risultati preliminari includono i pazienti sottoposti a densitometria ossea (DEXA) e valutazione del metabolismo fosfo-calcico, in accordo con le raccomandazioni cliniche. L'introito di calcio è stato calcolato tramite IOF Calcium Calculator, il rischio di malnutrizione tramite MUST e il livello di attività fisica tramite IPAQ. Le analisi statistiche sono state condotte con SPSS v.29, con regressione logistica binaria per l'identificazione dei predittori indipendenti di osteoporosi. La popolazione in studio è composta da 116 pazienti (81 con MICI e 35 con Artriti). Il gruppo Artriti presenta età, prevalenza di menopausa, BMI ed esposizione steroidea significativamente maggiori rispetto alla coorte MICI. La prevalenza complessiva di alterazioni della DMO è risultata simile tra i due gruppi (64% nelle MICI vs 69% nelle Artriti). Tuttavia, l'età mediana alla diagnosi di osteopenia (52 vs 66 anni) e osteoporosi (56 vs 77 anni) è risultata significativamente inferiore nelle MICI, a fronte di un minor tasso di diagnosi già accertate al baseline (2,5% vs 11,4%) e di una minor supplementazione di vitamina D e calcio. Le alterazioni bioumorali (principalmente calciuria, vitamina D e PTH) sono risultate significativamente più frequenti nelle MICI; inoltre, l'81.8% dei pazienti con diagnosi di MICI con DEXA normale presentava già tali anomalie. Solamente nei pazienti con MICI, una PCR aumentata si associava a valori significativamente più alti del marcatore di riassorbimento osseo CTx. L'introito alimentare di calcio è risultato criticamente insufficiente in entrambe le coorti. All'analisi multivariata, l'età si è confermata l'unico predittore indipendente di osteoporosi, mentre la diagnosi di Artrite ha mostrato un trend protettivo ai limiti della significatività rispetto alle MICI. Dai risultati emerge che, pur essendo la prevalenza del danno osseo sovrapponibile tra i due gruppi, i pazienti con MICI sviluppano alterazioni ossee prematuramente e con minore esposizione steroidea, suggerendo un effetto catabolico predominante dei fattori intestino-specifici indipendente dai fattori di rischio convenzionali. Inoltre, l'elevata frequenza di alterazioni bioumorali in soggetti con densitometria ancora normale evidenzia l'esistenza di una fase pre-clinica di dismetabolismo, in cui i test emato-urinari fungono da sentinelle precoci.
Studio del metabolismo fosfo-calcico nelle malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali e reumatologiche.
FRANCESCHIN, ANITA
2025/2026
Abstract
Immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases (IBD, SpA, and RA) are associated with a significantly increased risk of reduced bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures. The pathogenetic mechanisms involved are multiple and partially overlapping: chronic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines activates the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis, promoting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, while glucocorticoids, malabsorption, nutritional deficiencies, and reduced physical activity contribute to amplifying skeletal damage. The prevalence of osteoporosis is estimated to be 15%-42% in IBD, 20%-30% in RA, and 18%-62% in SpA. The primary objective of the study is to compare the prevalence of calcium-phosphorus metabolism alterations and osteoporosis in patients with IBD against those with isolated inflammatory rheumatic disease, correlating these findings with clinical history, steroid use, dietary calcium intake, malnutrition risk, and physical activity. The secondary objective is to examine alterations in bone turnover markers in relation to the presence or absence of an osteopenia/osteoporosis diagnosis, both in patients with IBD and those with arthritis. This is an observational, single-center, non-profit study conducted between October 2025 and April 2026 at the specialized outpatient clinics of the Ca' Foncello Hospital in Treviso. Adult patients with a known diagnosis of IBD or inflammatory rheumatic disease for at least 3 months were enrolled. Preliminary results include patients who underwent DEXA scans and calcium-phosphorus metabolism evaluation, in accordance with clinical recommendations. Dietary calcium intake was calculated using the IOF Calcium Calculator, malnutrition risk via the MUST tool, and physical activity level using the IPAQ. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v.29, employing binary logistic regression to identify independent predictors of osteoporosis. The study population consists of 116 patients (81 with IBD and 35 with Arthritis). The Arthritis group presented with significantly higher age, menopause prevalence, BMI, and steroid exposure compared to the IBD cohort. The overall prevalence of BMD alterations was similar between the two groups (64% in IBD vs. 69% in Arthritis). However, the median age at diagnosis of osteopenia (52 vs. 66 years) and osteoporosis (56 vs. 77 years) was significantly lower in the IBD group, despite a lower rate of previously established diagnoses at baseline (2.5% vs. 11.4%) and lower vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Biochemical alterations (primarily calciuria, vitamin D, and PTH) were significantly more frequent in IBD; furthermore, 81.8% of IBD patients with a normal DEXA scan already exhibited such abnormalities. Only in IBD patients was an elevated CRP associated with significantly higher values of the bone resorption marker CTx. Dietary calcium intake was critically insufficient in both cohorts. In the multivariate analysis, age was confirmed as the only independent predictor of osteoporosis, while an Arthritis diagnosis showed a protective trend with borderline significance compared to IBD. The results indicate that, although the prevalence of bone damage is comparable between the two groups, IBD patients develop bone alterations prematurely and with lower steroid exposure. This suggests a predominant catabolic effect of intestine-specific factors, independent of conventional risk factors. Furthermore, the high frequency of biochemical alterations in subjects with normal densitometry highlights the existence of a pre-clinical phase of dysmetabolism, in which blood and urine tests act as early sentinels.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108925