Background. Mild-to-moderate procedural analgesia and sedation (PAS) has become an increasingly important component of care in Pediatric Emergency Departments, enabling the performance of painful or distressing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside the operating room. Staff training, implementation of shared protocols, and systematic monitoring of PAS activity are essential to ensure high standards of safety and quality of care. Objective. To describe pediatric PAS activity at the Pediatric Emergency Department and Emergency Pediatrics Unit of the University Hospital of Padua, with a particular focus on ketamine use, through the analysis of data collected in a dedicated electronic registry. Materials and Methods. This prospective single-center observational study was conducted at the Pediatric Emergency Department and Emergency Pediatrics Unit of the University Hospital of Padua. PAS procedures recorded in a dedicated electronic database developed using the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) platform were analyzed for the period from July 2024 to May 2026. Results. During the study period, 173 mild-to-moderate PAS procedures performed with ketamine were recorded. The median age of patients was 3 years (IQR 1–5), and 57.2% were male. The most common procedures were wound repair (54.3%) and diagnostic investigations (MRI, CT, EEG) (23.1%). Ketamine was administered predominantly via the intravenous (86.2%) or intramuscular (10.6%) route, either as monotherapy (24.9%) or in combination with other agents (75.1%). Midazolam was the most frequently co-administered medication (59.0%), followed by dexmedetomidine (9.2%), midazolam plus dexmedetomidine (9.2%), midazolam plus propofol (3.5%), and nitrous oxide (1.2%). At least one supplemental dose of ketamine was required in 51.4% of procedures. Among intravenous administrations, the most commonly used initial dose was ≥1.5 mg/kg (77.7%). Adverse events were recorded in 14 procedures (8.1%). Most were mild, consisting mainly of oxygen desaturation (4.0%) and nausea/vomiting (1.7%), while only one severe adverse event (0.6%) was observed (laryngospasm). Interventions included oxygen administration, airway suctioning, and bag-valve-mask ventilation. No statistically significant difference in adverse event rates was found between children younger than 2 years and those aged 2 years or older (p = 0.062). Conclusions. The experience of the Pediatric Emergency Department and Emergency Pediatrics Unit of the University Hospital of Padua demonstrates the established role of pediatric PAS in facilitating diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the emergency setting. The low incidence of adverse events, most of which were mild, supports the favorable safety profile of ketamine for mild-to-moderate PAS and highlights the importance of systematic activity monitoring as a tool for continuous quality improvement.
Introduzione. L’analgosedazione procedurale (ASP) lieve-moderata rappresenta una componente sempre più rilevante dell’assistenza in Pronto Soccorso Pediatrico, consentendo l’esecuzione di procedure diagnostiche e terapeutiche dolorose o stressanti al di fuori della sala operatoria. La formazione del personale, l’adozione di protocolli condivisi e il monitoraggio sistematico dell’attività sono elementi fondamentali per garantire standard elevati di sicurezza e qualità delle cure. Obiettivo dello studio. Descrivere l’attività di ASP pediatrica svolta presso l’UOC di Pronto Soccorso Pediatrico e Pediatria d’Urgenza dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, con particolare riferimento all’utilizzo della ketamina, attraverso l’analisi dei dati raccolti in un registro elettronico dedicato. Materiali e metodi. Studio osservazionale prospettico monocentrico condotto presso il Pronto Soccorso Pediatrico e la Pediatria d’Urgenza dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova. Sono state analizzate le procedure di ASP registrate nel database elettronico dedicato, sviluppato sulla piattaforma REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture), nel periodo luglio 2024-maggio 2026. Risultati. Nel periodo in esame sono state registrate 173 procedure di ASP lieve-moderata eseguite con ketamina. L’età mediana dei pazienti era di 3 anni (IQR 1-5), con prevalenza del sesso maschile (57,2%). Le procedure più frequenti sono state la sutura di ferite (54,3%) e l’esecuzione di esami diagnostici (RMN, TC, EEG) (23,1%). La ketamina è stata somministrata prevalentemente per via endovenosa (86,2%) o intramuscolare (10,6%), sia in monoterapia (24,9%) sia in associazione ad altri farmaci (75,1%). Il farmaco più frequentemente co-somministrato è risultato il midazolam (59,0%), seguito da dexmedetomidina (9,2%), midazolam+dexmedetomidina (9,2%), midazolam+propofol (3,5%) e protossido d’azoto (1,2%). Nel 51,4% delle procedure è stata necessaria almeno una dose supplementare di ketamina. Tra le somministrazioni endovenose, il dosaggio iniziale più frequentemente utilizzato è stato ≥1,5 mg/kg (77,7%). Eventi avversi sono stati registrati in 14 procedure (8,1%). La maggior parte è risultata di lieve entità, principalmente desaturazione (4,0%) e nausea/vomito (1,7%), mentre un solo caso (0,6%) ha presentato un evento avverso severo (laringospasmo). Gli interventi effettuati hanno incluso somministrazione di ossigeno, aspirazione delle secrezioni e ventilazione con maschera e pallone. Non sono emerse differenze statisticamente significative nell’incidenza degli eventi avversi tra i bambini di età inferiore e superiore ai 2 anni (p=0,062). Conclusioni. L’esperienza dell’UOC di Pronto Soccorso Pediatrico e Pediatria d’Urgenza dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova documenta un utilizzo consolidato dell’ASP pediatrica per procedure diagnostiche e terapeutiche in ambito di emergenza-urgenza. La bassa incidenza di eventi avversi osservata, prevalentemente di lieve entità, supporta il favorevole profilo di sicurezza della ketamina nell’ambito dell’ASP lieve-moderata, confermando l’importanza del monitoraggio sistematico dell’attività quale strumento di miglioramento continuo della qualità delle cure.
Analgosedazione procedurale in Pronto Soccorso Pediatrico: analisi dal registro di monitoraggio
TONIATO, BEATRICE
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Mild-to-moderate procedural analgesia and sedation (PAS) has become an increasingly important component of care in Pediatric Emergency Departments, enabling the performance of painful or distressing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside the operating room. Staff training, implementation of shared protocols, and systematic monitoring of PAS activity are essential to ensure high standards of safety and quality of care. Objective. To describe pediatric PAS activity at the Pediatric Emergency Department and Emergency Pediatrics Unit of the University Hospital of Padua, with a particular focus on ketamine use, through the analysis of data collected in a dedicated electronic registry. Materials and Methods. This prospective single-center observational study was conducted at the Pediatric Emergency Department and Emergency Pediatrics Unit of the University Hospital of Padua. PAS procedures recorded in a dedicated electronic database developed using the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) platform were analyzed for the period from July 2024 to May 2026. Results. During the study period, 173 mild-to-moderate PAS procedures performed with ketamine were recorded. The median age of patients was 3 years (IQR 1–5), and 57.2% were male. The most common procedures were wound repair (54.3%) and diagnostic investigations (MRI, CT, EEG) (23.1%). Ketamine was administered predominantly via the intravenous (86.2%) or intramuscular (10.6%) route, either as monotherapy (24.9%) or in combination with other agents (75.1%). Midazolam was the most frequently co-administered medication (59.0%), followed by dexmedetomidine (9.2%), midazolam plus dexmedetomidine (9.2%), midazolam plus propofol (3.5%), and nitrous oxide (1.2%). At least one supplemental dose of ketamine was required in 51.4% of procedures. Among intravenous administrations, the most commonly used initial dose was ≥1.5 mg/kg (77.7%). Adverse events were recorded in 14 procedures (8.1%). Most were mild, consisting mainly of oxygen desaturation (4.0%) and nausea/vomiting (1.7%), while only one severe adverse event (0.6%) was observed (laryngospasm). Interventions included oxygen administration, airway suctioning, and bag-valve-mask ventilation. No statistically significant difference in adverse event rates was found between children younger than 2 years and those aged 2 years or older (p = 0.062). Conclusions. The experience of the Pediatric Emergency Department and Emergency Pediatrics Unit of the University Hospital of Padua demonstrates the established role of pediatric PAS in facilitating diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the emergency setting. The low incidence of adverse events, most of which were mild, supports the favorable safety profile of ketamine for mild-to-moderate PAS and highlights the importance of systematic activity monitoring as a tool for continuous quality improvement.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108928