Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare and severe form of dyslipidemia, characterized by markedly elevated LDL-C levels from birth and premature atherosclerosis. Owing to pathogenic variants affecting genes involved in LDLR-mediated clearance, especially LDLR, lipid targets are often difficult to achieve with conventional lipid-lowering therapy. In this setting, lomitapide and evinacumab act through distinct, LDLR-independent and complementary mechanisms, yet evidence on their combined use remains limited. Alongside conventional lipid parameters, plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent exploratory biomarkers of vascular activation and residual cardiovascular risk. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the combined evinacumab/lomitapide therapy in patients with HoFH, through the assessment of the main lipid parameters, adverse events, and plasma EVs levels. This was a single-center, real-world, observational study of 48 weeks' duration, conducted in 6 patients with HoFH (2 adults and 4 pediatric) on optimized lipid- lowering therapy including lomitapide. Following discontinuation of lipoprotein apheresis, patients received evinacumab (15 mg/kg) every 4 weeks in addition to their background therapy. Before each administration, a blood sample was collected for the assessment of the lipid panel (enzymatic method), ANGPTL3 and PCSK9 (ELISA), and EVs (flow cytometry). The latter two determinations were carried out over 24 weeks; EVs levels were also compared with those of a group of 6 healthy subjects. At baseline, before evinacumab administration, the mean LDL-C level was 289.6 ± 80.6 mg/dL. Treatment with evinacumab resulted in a sustained reduction in LDL- C of 55.1% ± 12.5% through week 48. In addition, it reduced apolipoprotein B by 46.0% ± 10.5%, total cholesterol by 53.1% ± 11.4%, and triglycerides by 51.9% ± 8.2%. Plasma ANGPTL3 levels approximately doubled, whereas PCSK9 decreased modestly, reaching −15% at week 24. At baseline, EVs were markedly higher in patients with HoFH than in healthy subjects; during treatment, the endothelial, inflammatory, and erythrocyte-derived subpopulations decreased, with divergent age-dependent responses for ApoB+ and platelet-derived EVs, and with residual levels nonetheless higher than in controls. The combination of evinacumab and lomitapide was generally well tolerated throughout the study period, with no serious treatment-emergent adverse events. Evinacumab added to lomitapide-based background lipid-lowering therapy was associated with marked reductions in LDL-C, ApoB, and other lipid parameters, with a favorable safety profile. Despite the reduction in EVs, the residual levels higher than those of healthy subjects indicate a persistent residual cardiovascular risk. These findings support the potential clinical usefulness of the evinacumab/lomitapide combination and, in parallel, point to the need for therapeutic strategies targeting residual risk, in which plasma EVs could emerge as a monitoring tool complementary to conventional lipid parameters.
L'ipercolesterolemia familiare omozigote (HoFH) è una forma rara e severa di dislipidemia, con LDL-C molto elevato fin dalla nascita e aterosclerosi precoce. A causa di varianti patogenetiche nei geni coinvolti nella clearance LDLR-mediata, soprattutto LDLR, i target lipidici sono spesso irraggiungibili con la terapia convenzionale. In questo contesto, lomitapide ed evinacumab agiscono con meccanismi LDLR-indipendenti e complementari, ma le evidenze sul loro uso combinato restano limitate. Accanto ai parametri lipidici tradizionali, le vescicole extracellulari (EVs) plasmatiche possono rappresentare biomarcatori esplorativi di attivazione vascolare e di rischio cardiovascolare residuo. Abbiamo valutato l’efficacia e la sicurezza della terapia combinata evinacumab/lomitapide in pazienti con HoFH tramite l’osservazione dei principali parametri lipidici, di eventi avversi e dei livelli di EVs plasmatiche. Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale, real-world, monocentrico, della durata di 48 settimane, condotto su 6 pazienti con HoFH (2 adulti e 4 pediatrici) in terapia ipolipemizzante ottimizzata comprendente lomitapide. Dopo la sospensione dell'aferesi lipoproteica, i pazienti hanno ricevuto evinacumab (15 mg/kg) ogni 4 settimane in aggiunta alla terapia di fondo. Prima di ogni somministrazione è stato eseguito un prelievo ematico per la valutazione del pannello lipidico (metodo enzimatico), di ANGPTL3 e PCSK9 (ELISA) e delle EVs (citometria a flusso). Le ultime due determinazioni sono state condotte per 24 settimane; i livelli di EV sono stati inoltre confrontati con quelli di un gruppo di 6 soggetti sani. Al basale, prima della somministrazione di evinacumab, il valore medio di LDL-C era di 289,6 ± 80,6 mg/dL. Il trattamento con evinacumab ha determinato una riduzione sostenuta dell'LDL-C del 55,1% ± 12,5% fino alla settimana 48. Inoltre, ha ridotto anche l'apolipoproteina B del 46,0% ± 10,5%, il colesterolo totale del 53,1% ± 11,4% e i trigliceridi del 51,9 ± 8,2%. I livelli plasmatici di ANGPTL3 sono approssimativamente raddoppiati, mentre la PCSK9 è diminuita in modo modesto, raggiungendo un −15% alla settimana 24. Al basale le EVs erano nettamente più elevate nei pazienti HoFH rispetto ai sani; durante il trattamento si sono ridotte le sottopopolazioni endoteliale, infiammatoria ed eritrocitaria, con risposte divergenti età-dipendenti per le EVs ApoB+ e piastriniche e con livelli residui comunque superiori ai controlli. La combinazione di evinacumab e lomitapide è stata generalmente ben tollerata per tutta la durata dello studio, senza eventi avversi emergenti dal trattamento gravi. Evinacumab aggiunto a una terapia ipolipemizzante di fondo basata su lomitapide è stato associato a marcate riduzioni dell'LDL-C, dell'ApoB e di altri parametri lipidici, con un profilo di sicurezza favorevole. Nonostante la riduzione delle EVs, i livelli residui maggiori rispetto ai sani indicano un rischio cardiovascolare residuo persistente. Questi risultati supportano il potenziale utilizzo clinico della combinazione evinacumab/lomitapide e, parallelamente, indicano la necessità di strategie terapeutiche mirate al rischio residuo, in cui le EVs plasmatiche potrebbero affermarsi come strumento di monitoraggio complementare ai parametri lipidici tradizionali.
Efficacia e sicurezza della terapia combinata evinacumab lomitapide nell'ipercolesterolemia familiare omozigote: analisi del profilo lipidico e delle vescicole extracellulari
SAMA, LUIGI
2025/2026
Abstract
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare and severe form of dyslipidemia, characterized by markedly elevated LDL-C levels from birth and premature atherosclerosis. Owing to pathogenic variants affecting genes involved in LDLR-mediated clearance, especially LDLR, lipid targets are often difficult to achieve with conventional lipid-lowering therapy. In this setting, lomitapide and evinacumab act through distinct, LDLR-independent and complementary mechanisms, yet evidence on their combined use remains limited. Alongside conventional lipid parameters, plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent exploratory biomarkers of vascular activation and residual cardiovascular risk. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the combined evinacumab/lomitapide therapy in patients with HoFH, through the assessment of the main lipid parameters, adverse events, and plasma EVs levels. This was a single-center, real-world, observational study of 48 weeks' duration, conducted in 6 patients with HoFH (2 adults and 4 pediatric) on optimized lipid- lowering therapy including lomitapide. Following discontinuation of lipoprotein apheresis, patients received evinacumab (15 mg/kg) every 4 weeks in addition to their background therapy. Before each administration, a blood sample was collected for the assessment of the lipid panel (enzymatic method), ANGPTL3 and PCSK9 (ELISA), and EVs (flow cytometry). The latter two determinations were carried out over 24 weeks; EVs levels were also compared with those of a group of 6 healthy subjects. At baseline, before evinacumab administration, the mean LDL-C level was 289.6 ± 80.6 mg/dL. Treatment with evinacumab resulted in a sustained reduction in LDL- C of 55.1% ± 12.5% through week 48. In addition, it reduced apolipoprotein B by 46.0% ± 10.5%, total cholesterol by 53.1% ± 11.4%, and triglycerides by 51.9% ± 8.2%. Plasma ANGPTL3 levels approximately doubled, whereas PCSK9 decreased modestly, reaching −15% at week 24. At baseline, EVs were markedly higher in patients with HoFH than in healthy subjects; during treatment, the endothelial, inflammatory, and erythrocyte-derived subpopulations decreased, with divergent age-dependent responses for ApoB+ and platelet-derived EVs, and with residual levels nonetheless higher than in controls. The combination of evinacumab and lomitapide was generally well tolerated throughout the study period, with no serious treatment-emergent adverse events. Evinacumab added to lomitapide-based background lipid-lowering therapy was associated with marked reductions in LDL-C, ApoB, and other lipid parameters, with a favorable safety profile. Despite the reduction in EVs, the residual levels higher than those of healthy subjects indicate a persistent residual cardiovascular risk. These findings support the potential clinical usefulness of the evinacumab/lomitapide combination and, in parallel, point to the need for therapeutic strategies targeting residual risk, in which plasma EVs could emerge as a monitoring tool complementary to conventional lipid parameters.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108935