This thesis examines the Memorandum of Understanding concluded between the European Union and Tunisia on 16 July 2023, analysing its implications under international human rights law. Through a historical reconstruction of bilateral relations between Italy, the EU, and Tunisia, the work shows that the Memorandum is the outcome of a long-term externalisation of migration control towards the southern Mediterranean. The analysis assesses the compatibility of the cooperation established by the agreement with the principle of non-refoulement and the prohibition of collective expulsions, in light of the European Court of Human Rights’ case law and the ARIO framework. Documented cases of desert pushbacks and maritime interceptions reveal that the EU-funded system produces systematic violations of fundamental rights, raising questions about the Union’s concurrent responsibility for complicity. The thesis concludes that the category of refoulement by proxy precisely captures the structure of this cooperation model.
Il presente lavoro analizza il Memorandum d’intesa concluso tra l’Unione Europea e la Tunisia il 16 luglio 2023, esaminandone le implicazioni sul piano del diritto internazionale dei diritti umani. Attraverso la ricostruzione storica delle relazioni bilaterali tra Italia, Unione Europea e Tunisia, il lavoro mostra come il Memorandum rappresenti l’esito di una lunga traiettoria di esternalizzazione del controllo migratorio verso la sponda sud del Mediterraneo. L’analisi valuta la compatibilità della cooperazione istituita dall’accordo con il principio di non-refoulement e il divieto di espulsioni collettive, alla luce della giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti umani e del quadro ARIO sulla responsabilità delle organizzazioni internazionali. I casi documentati di respingimenti nel deserto e intercettazioni in mare mostrano come il sistema finanziato dall’UE produca violazioni sistematiche dei diritti fondamentali, sollevando interrogativi sulla responsabilità concorrente dell’Unione per complicità. Il lavoro conclude che la categoria del refoulement by proxy coglie con precisione la struttura di questo modello di cooperazione.
Il Memorandum UE-Tunisia e l’esternalizzazione del controllo migratorio
MENIN, ANGELICA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the Memorandum of Understanding concluded between the European Union and Tunisia on 16 July 2023, analysing its implications under international human rights law. Through a historical reconstruction of bilateral relations between Italy, the EU, and Tunisia, the work shows that the Memorandum is the outcome of a long-term externalisation of migration control towards the southern Mediterranean. The analysis assesses the compatibility of the cooperation established by the agreement with the principle of non-refoulement and the prohibition of collective expulsions, in light of the European Court of Human Rights’ case law and the ARIO framework. Documented cases of desert pushbacks and maritime interceptions reveal that the EU-funded system produces systematic violations of fundamental rights, raising questions about the Union’s concurrent responsibility for complicity. The thesis concludes that the category of refoulement by proxy precisely captures the structure of this cooperation model.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108975