This paper analyzes the issue of the improper granting of credit, focusing on the civil liability of the banking institution. Starting with the gradual transformation of the bank from a mere provider of liquidity to a systemic gatekeeper of the market, the analysis focuses on the so-called “good banker’s dilemma”: it examines the delicate line between lawful financial support for a company in temporary difficulty and the unlawful propping up of a company that is already insolvent, in violation of the principles of sound and prudent management. The analysis traces the regulatory evolution and creditworthiness assessment criteria, with particular attention to the forward-looking approach introduced by the EBA Guidelines and the new duties imposed by the Code of Corporate Crisis and Insolvency (CCII). The study then shifts to the legal framework of the bank’s liability, examining the landmark ruling of the Joint Divisions of the Court of Cassation (Judgment No. 18610/2021). In this regard, the analysis delves into the shift from the criterion of intent to professional negligence, the bankruptcy trustee’s standing to sue, and the financial repercussions on the borrower, in terms of “incremental damage” and multi-offensive harm. The analytical framework is rounded out by an examination of how these principles have been applied in practice in lower court and Supreme Court case law since 2021, with the aim of highlighting the operational issues that remain unresolved regarding jurisdiction, the evidentiary phase, and the criteria for quantifying damages. The objective of this paper is therefore to define the legal boundaries of the intermediary’s discretion in assessing creditworthiness, identifying the relevant liability profiles to protect third-party creditors and the company’s assets.
Il presente elaborato analizza la fattispecie dell'abusiva concessione del credito, focalizzandosi sui profili di responsabilità civile in capo all'istituto bancario. A partire dalla progressiva trasformazione della banca da mero erogatore di liquidità a gatekeeper sistemico del mercato, l'analisi si concentra sul cosiddetto "dilemma del buon banchiere": viene esaminato il delicato confine tra il lecito sostegno finanziario a un'impresa in temporanea difficoltà e l'illecito mantenimento in vita di un soggetto ormai decotto, in violazione dei canoni di sana e prudente gestione. L’analisi ricostruisce l'evoluzione normativa e i criteri di valutazione del merito creditizio, con particolare attenzione all'approccio forward-looking introdotto dalle Linee Guida EBA e ai nuovi doveri imposti dal Codice della Crisi d'Impresa (CCII). L'indagine si sposta poi sulla struttura giuridica della responsabilità della banca, esaminando il fondamentale arresto delle Sezioni Unite della Corte di Cassazione (sentenza n.18610/2021). Sotto questo profilo, vengono approfonditi il passaggio dal criterio del dolo alla colpa professionale, la legittimazione ad agire del curatore e le ricadute patrimoniali sul soggetto finanziato, in termini di "danno incrementale" e pregiudizio plurioffensivo. Il quadro analitico si completa con l'esame dell'applicazione pratica nella giurisprudenza di merito e di legittimità successiva al 2021, volto ad evidenziare i problemi operativi ancora aperti sul piano della competenza, dell'istruttoria e dei criteri di quantificazione del danno. L'obiettivo dell'elaborato è dunque definire i confini giuridici della discrezionalità dell'intermediario nell'accertamento del merito creditizio, individuando i relativi profili di responsabilità a tutela dei creditori terzi e del patrimonio dell'impresa.
L'abusiva concessione di credito e la responsabilità della banca
RUVOLETTO, ALESSIA
2025/2026
Abstract
This paper analyzes the issue of the improper granting of credit, focusing on the civil liability of the banking institution. Starting with the gradual transformation of the bank from a mere provider of liquidity to a systemic gatekeeper of the market, the analysis focuses on the so-called “good banker’s dilemma”: it examines the delicate line between lawful financial support for a company in temporary difficulty and the unlawful propping up of a company that is already insolvent, in violation of the principles of sound and prudent management. The analysis traces the regulatory evolution and creditworthiness assessment criteria, with particular attention to the forward-looking approach introduced by the EBA Guidelines and the new duties imposed by the Code of Corporate Crisis and Insolvency (CCII). The study then shifts to the legal framework of the bank’s liability, examining the landmark ruling of the Joint Divisions of the Court of Cassation (Judgment No. 18610/2021). In this regard, the analysis delves into the shift from the criterion of intent to professional negligence, the bankruptcy trustee’s standing to sue, and the financial repercussions on the borrower, in terms of “incremental damage” and multi-offensive harm. The analytical framework is rounded out by an examination of how these principles have been applied in practice in lower court and Supreme Court case law since 2021, with the aim of highlighting the operational issues that remain unresolved regarding jurisdiction, the evidentiary phase, and the criteria for quantifying damages. The objective of this paper is therefore to define the legal boundaries of the intermediary’s discretion in assessing creditworthiness, identifying the relevant liability profiles to protect third-party creditors and the company’s assets.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108990