BACKGROUND Psychiatric emergencies among adolescents related to self-harm and suicide risk are on an alarming rise. The Emergency Department (ED) has become the central hub for identifying this serious distress, which has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has placed a heavy strain on hospital wards and community services. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-center, retrospective observational study investigated the clinical-epidemiological and socio-environmental profiles of adolescent patients (ages 15–19) who presented to the Central ED for self-harm and suicide risk. In a sample of 512 visits (320 patients) evaluated at the University Hospital of Padua (2019–2025), associations were investigated between clinical severity, comorbidities, socio-environmental factors, chronic hospital use (revolving door), and fluctuations linked to the academic calendar and pandemic phases. RESULTS A clear female preponderance (79.5%) and high psychopathological complexity emerged (>70% comorbidity, primarily Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and Borderline personality traits). Temporal dynamics confirm the School-Year Effect: academic stress acts as a powerful trigger for emergency room visits. School dropout is significantly associated with externalizing phenotypes, while internalizing disorders correlate with continued school attendance. From a sociological perspective, a strong social network is unexpectedly linked to higher rates of emergency room visits, seemingly validating the Peer Contagion hypothesis. Chronic Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) (≥ 5 episodes/year) correlates with higher rates of Suicide Attempts (SA), highlighting the role of habituation to pain. Pandemic phases show a peak in hospitalizations during the pandemic period (53.6%), followed in the post-COVID period by an absolute increase in visits with a percentage decrease in hospitalizations (42.5%), driven by less severe conditions manageable on an outpatient basis. CONCLUSIONS The ED has become the safety valve for widespread youth distress. It is necessary to intercept the trajectories of chronicity early on: exceeding five self-harming acts per year requires interventions to defuse habituation to pain and the escalation toward suicide attempts. Evidence on peer contagion and the school calendar suggests implementing psychological support programs in schools, especially at the start of the academic year, promoting strategies to deactivate peer co-rumination. Structurally, it is a priority to extend neuropsychiatry services to SPOKE hospitals and establish active afternoon and night-time on-call services, coinciding with peak patient volumes. These measures, combined with the use of rapid screening tools in emergency settings and strengthened regional networks, are essential to stem the chronicization of patient visits and ensure timely and safe care.
BACKGROUND L'emergenza psichiatrica adolescenziale legata all'autolesività e al rischio suicidario è in allarmante aumento. Il Pronto Soccorso (PS) è divenuto il nodo centrale per intercettare questo grave disagio, ulteriormente esacerbato dalla pandemia da COVID-19 che ha messo a dura prova i reparti e i servizi territoriali. MATERIALI E METODI Lo studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico ha indagato il profilo clinico-epidemiologico e socio-ambientale di pazienti adolescenti (15-19 anni) giunti in PS Centrale per autolesività e rischio suicidario. Su un campione di 512 accessi (320 pazienti) valutati presso l'Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova (2019-2025), sono state indagate associazioni tra gravità clinica, comorbidità, fattori socio-ambientali, cronicizzazione ospedaliera (revolving door) e fluttuazioni legate al calendario accademico e alle fasi pandemiche. RISULTATI Emerge una netta preponderanza femminile (79.5%) e un'elevata complessità psicopatologica (>70% in comorbidità, primariamente Disturbi dell'Umore, d'Ansia e tratti personologici di tipo Borderline). Le dinamiche temporali confermano lo School-Year Effect: lo stress accademico funge da potente trigger per l'urgenza. L'abbandono scolastico si associa significativamente ai fenotipi esternalizzanti, mentre i disturbi internalizzanti correlano col mantenimento della frequenza. Sotto il punto di vista sociologico, una buona rete amicale si lega inaspettatamente a maggiori ritorni in urgenza, sembrando validare l'ipotesi del Peer Contagion. L'Autolesionismo Non Suicidario (NSSI) cronico (≥ 5 episodi/anno) correla con maggiori Tentativi di Suicidio (TS), evidenziando il ruolo dell'abituazione al dolore. Le fasi pandemiche mostrano un picco di ospedalizzazioni durante il periodo pandemico (53.6%), seguito nel Post-COVID da un incremento assoluto di accessi con flessione percentuale dei ricoveri (42.5%), trainati da quadri a minore intensità gestibili ambulatorialmente. CONCLUSIONI Il PS si è trasformato nella valvola di sfogo di un disagio giovanile trasversale. Occorre intercettare precocemente le traiettorie di cronicizzazione: superare i cinque agiti autolesivi annui richiede interventi per disinnescare l'assuefazione al dolore e l'escalation verso il TS. Le evidenze su Peer Contagion e calendario scolastico suggeriscono di implementare programmi di supporto psicologico nelle scuole, specialmente alla ripresa accademica, promuovendo strategie per disattivare la co-ruminazione tra pari. Strutturalmente è prioritario estendere la Neuropsichiatria agli ospedali SPOKE e istituire una guardia attiva pomeridiana e notturna, coincidente coi picchi di affluenza. Tali misure, unite all'utilizzo di strumenti di screening rapidi in urgenza e reti territoriali potenziate, sono imprescindibili per arginare la cronicizzazione degli accessi e garantire una presa in carico tempestiva e sicura.
Autolesionismo nell'emergenza psichiatrica adolescenziale: studio degli accessi in Pronto Soccorso (2019-2025)
SCANAGATTA, SIMONE
2025/2026
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric emergencies among adolescents related to self-harm and suicide risk are on an alarming rise. The Emergency Department (ED) has become the central hub for identifying this serious distress, which has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has placed a heavy strain on hospital wards and community services. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-center, retrospective observational study investigated the clinical-epidemiological and socio-environmental profiles of adolescent patients (ages 15–19) who presented to the Central ED for self-harm and suicide risk. In a sample of 512 visits (320 patients) evaluated at the University Hospital of Padua (2019–2025), associations were investigated between clinical severity, comorbidities, socio-environmental factors, chronic hospital use (revolving door), and fluctuations linked to the academic calendar and pandemic phases. RESULTS A clear female preponderance (79.5%) and high psychopathological complexity emerged (>70% comorbidity, primarily Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and Borderline personality traits). Temporal dynamics confirm the School-Year Effect: academic stress acts as a powerful trigger for emergency room visits. School dropout is significantly associated with externalizing phenotypes, while internalizing disorders correlate with continued school attendance. From a sociological perspective, a strong social network is unexpectedly linked to higher rates of emergency room visits, seemingly validating the Peer Contagion hypothesis. Chronic Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) (≥ 5 episodes/year) correlates with higher rates of Suicide Attempts (SA), highlighting the role of habituation to pain. Pandemic phases show a peak in hospitalizations during the pandemic period (53.6%), followed in the post-COVID period by an absolute increase in visits with a percentage decrease in hospitalizations (42.5%), driven by less severe conditions manageable on an outpatient basis. CONCLUSIONS The ED has become the safety valve for widespread youth distress. It is necessary to intercept the trajectories of chronicity early on: exceeding five self-harming acts per year requires interventions to defuse habituation to pain and the escalation toward suicide attempts. Evidence on peer contagion and the school calendar suggests implementing psychological support programs in schools, especially at the start of the academic year, promoting strategies to deactivate peer co-rumination. Structurally, it is a priority to extend neuropsychiatry services to SPOKE hospitals and establish active afternoon and night-time on-call services, coinciding with peak patient volumes. These measures, combined with the use of rapid screening tools in emergency settings and strengthened regional networks, are essential to stem the chronicization of patient visits and ensure timely and safe care.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109073