Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the elderly population. As the disease progresses to more advanced stages, macular damage leads to a progressive and irreversible decline in stability of retinal fixation. This alteration significantly impairs near visual functions, particularly reading abilities. Therefore, the quantification of fixation stability serves as a fundamental functional parameter for evaluating and monitoring patients with progressive AMD. Primary Objective: The aim of this study was to compare an objective and quantitative fixation stability measurement, obtained by the analysis of retinal tracking data acquired during a routine optical coherence tomography (OCT) map, with fixation stability quantified by the standard microperimetry fixation test. Methods: This cross-sectional study included all patients with bilateral AMD who underwent a scheduled eye examination at our Department in a four-month period. All studied eyes underwent a 60-second microperimetry static fixation test and an OCT macular volume scan using Spectralis HRA+OCT with standard confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope-based eye tracking during examination. During the OCT acquisition, the retinal tracking system automatically recorded ocular movements while the patient maintained fixation on the central target. Fixation stability was quantified with both methods by calculating the Bivariate Contour Ellipse Area (BCEA). For statistical analysis, BCEA originally expressed in squared degrees was normalized with a logarithmic transformation. Results: One hundred and twenty-eight eyes of 78 patients with AMD were enrolled and were stratified according to the clinical stages of the disease (early, intermediate or late AMD). The comparative analysis revealed that the Bivariate Contour Ellipse Area (BCEA) values obtained through the OCT eye-tracking system did not differ statistically significantly from those measured via microperimetry (p > 0.05). A direct correlation was found between the two BCEA quantification methods (r = 0.424, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of OCT tracking system to provide fast and objective assessment of retinal fixation stability, which is the essential driver of reading ability. The integration of a macular function parameter and macular morphology in a single OCT examination may represent the solution for coupling macular structure with an objective reading abilities test (retinal fixation stability) in AMD eyes.
Presupposti dello studio: La degenerazione maculare legata all’età (AMD) rappresenta una delle principali cause di riduzione visiva nella popolazione anziana. Con il progredire della patologia verso stadi più avanzati, il danno a carico della regione maculare determina una progressiva e irreversibile compromissione della stabilità della fissazione retinica. Questa alterazione influisce in maniera significativa sulle funzioni visive per vicino, in particolare sulle abilità di lettura. Per questo motivo, la quantificazione della stabilità della fissazione rappresenta un parametro funzionale fondamentale nei pazienti affetti da AMD. Obiettivi dello studio: Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di confrontare una misurazione oggettiva e quantitativa della stabilità di fissazione, ottenuta mediante l'analisi dei dati di tracciamento retinico acquisiti durante l’esecuzione di un esame di routine con tomografia a coerenza ottica (OCT), con la stabilità di fissazione quantificata mediante il test di fissazione microperimetrico standard. Materiali e metodi: Questo studio trasversale ha incluso tutti i pazienti affetti da AMD bilaterale che si sono sottoposti a una visita oculistica programmata presso il nostro Dipartimento in un periodo di quattro mesi. Tutti gli occhi studiati sono stati sottoposti a un test di fissazione statica mediante microperimetria della durata di 60 secondi e a una scansione volumetrica maculare OCT mediante Spectralis HRA+OCT, dotato di un sistema di tracciamento oculare standard basato su oftalmoscopio laser a scansione confocale durante l'esame. La stabilità della fissazione è stata quantificata con entrambi i metodi calcolando la Bivariate Contour Ellipse Area (BCEA). Per l'analisi statistica, i valori di BCEA espressi in gradi al quadrato sono stati normalizzati mediante trasformazione logaritmica. Risultati: Cento ventotto occhi appartenenti a 78 pazienti affetti da AMD sono stati arruolati in questo studio e sono stati suddivisi in base ai diversi stadi clinici della malattia (AMD iniziale, intermedia o avanzata). La BCEA misurata mediante OCT non ha mostrato differenze statisticamente significative rispetto alla BCEA misurata mediante microperimetria in tutti gli stadi della patologia (p > 0,05). È stata riscontrata una correlazione diretta tra i due metodi di quantificazione della BCEA (r = 0,424, p < 0,0001). Conclusioni: Questo studio evidenzia il potenziale dei sistemi di tracciamento oculare integrati negli strumenti OCT per fornire una valutazione rapida e oggettiva della stabilità di fissazione retinica, quale principale determinante della capacità di lettura. L'integrazione di parametri maculari morfologici e funzionali in un singolo esame OCT potrebbe rappresentare la soluzione per correlare direttamente la struttura maculare con un test oggettivo della capacità di lettura, ovvero la stabilità della fissazione retinica, negli occhi affetti da AMD.
Nuovi approcci alla valutazione della fissazione nell'AMD: ruolo dell'OCT nella quantificazione oggettiva
DAL ZOTTO, PATRICK
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the elderly population. As the disease progresses to more advanced stages, macular damage leads to a progressive and irreversible decline in stability of retinal fixation. This alteration significantly impairs near visual functions, particularly reading abilities. Therefore, the quantification of fixation stability serves as a fundamental functional parameter for evaluating and monitoring patients with progressive AMD. Primary Objective: The aim of this study was to compare an objective and quantitative fixation stability measurement, obtained by the analysis of retinal tracking data acquired during a routine optical coherence tomography (OCT) map, with fixation stability quantified by the standard microperimetry fixation test. Methods: This cross-sectional study included all patients with bilateral AMD who underwent a scheduled eye examination at our Department in a four-month period. All studied eyes underwent a 60-second microperimetry static fixation test and an OCT macular volume scan using Spectralis HRA+OCT with standard confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope-based eye tracking during examination. During the OCT acquisition, the retinal tracking system automatically recorded ocular movements while the patient maintained fixation on the central target. Fixation stability was quantified with both methods by calculating the Bivariate Contour Ellipse Area (BCEA). For statistical analysis, BCEA originally expressed in squared degrees was normalized with a logarithmic transformation. Results: One hundred and twenty-eight eyes of 78 patients with AMD were enrolled and were stratified according to the clinical stages of the disease (early, intermediate or late AMD). The comparative analysis revealed that the Bivariate Contour Ellipse Area (BCEA) values obtained through the OCT eye-tracking system did not differ statistically significantly from those measured via microperimetry (p > 0.05). A direct correlation was found between the two BCEA quantification methods (r = 0.424, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of OCT tracking system to provide fast and objective assessment of retinal fixation stability, which is the essential driver of reading ability. The integration of a macular function parameter and macular morphology in a single OCT examination may represent the solution for coupling macular structure with an objective reading abilities test (retinal fixation stability) in AMD eyes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109083