Background. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the management of advanced, oncogene-addicted Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). They are administered at standard doses, which may subsequently be reduced upon the onset of adverse events. Several studies, focusing mainly on EGFR-mutated NSCLC, show that dose modulation does not exert a detrimental effect on treatment efficacy. To date, little is known about the clinical impact of dose reduction in patients with ALK, MET, ROS1, or RET alterations. Aim of the study. This study investigated the impact of dose reduction of major ALK/MET/ROS1/RET-selective TKIs on treatment efficacy. The primary endpoint was to compare Progression-Free Survival (PFS) between patients who maintained the full dose and those who reduced it. The secondary endpoint was to evaluate differences in Overall Survival (OS) and Time-to-Treatment Failure (TTF). The association between various clinical characteristics and dose reduction was also assessed, and the safety profile of the different TKIs was evaluated. Materials and methods. A retrospective, single-center, observational study was conducted on patients with advanced/metastatic oncogene-addicted NSCLC who received monotherapy with Alectinib, Lorlatinib, Capmatinib, Tepotinib, or Selpercatinib. Baseline clinical characteristics, radiological responses, TKI-related toxicities were collected, together with records of dose reductions, temporary treatment interruptions, and permanent discontinuations. Data analysis was performed using the Jamovi statistical software (Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and logistic regression models). Results. Of the 211 patients included, 84 (39.8%) underwent a dose reduction. Compared to those who maintained the full dose, patients who received a reduced dose achieved a statistically significant PFS benefit both in the overall cohort (median PFS: 20.3 months vs 7.7 months; HR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.41-0.80; p=0.0009) and across specific subgroups: the ALK-rearranged subpopulation (median PFS: 25.3 months vs 8.6 months; HR=0.54; 95% CI: 0.36-0.80; p=0.0019), the MET-altered subpopulation (median PFS: 8.6 months vs 2.8 months; HR=0.33; 95% CI: 0.13-0.84; p=0.0150), and in patients treated with Alectinib (median PFS: 48.4 months vs 12.1 months; HR=0.48; 95% CI: 0.27-0.84; p=0.0088). The OS of the overall cohort did not differ significantly between the two cohorts (p=0.2200). TTF was significantly better in the dose-reduction group, both in the overall population (p=0.0039) and within the ALK+ subpopulation (p=0.0092) and the Alectinib-treated cohort (p=0.0370). The main baseline clinical variables significantly associated with dose reduction were: age (p=0.0013), number of comorbidities (p<0.0001), number of concomitant drugs (p=0.0122), cardiovascular comorbidities (p=0.0004), diabetes (p=0.0281), and renal comorbidities (p=0.0174). Furthermore, a statistically significant association was observed between dose reduction and: temporary treatment suspension (p<0.0001), renal toxicity (p=0.0069), musculoskeletal toxicity (p=0.0232), gastrointestinal toxicity (p=0.0106), and neurological or psychiatric toxicity (p=0.0072). The latter two toxicities were also confirmed as significant factors in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions. The comparison of PFS curves demonstrated that survival is not only uncompromised by dose reduction but actually improved. This finding is likely attributable to the reduction of treatment-limiting toxicities with the modified dose, which enhance therapeutic continuity. Moreover, dose reduction does not compromise OS, while significantly prolonging TTF. These results were observed in the overall population and in the largest subpopulation (ALK+). Future studies with larger cohorts of patients harboring MET, ROS1, or RET alterations are suggested to confirm the findings highlighted in this study.
Introduzione. Gli inibitori tirosin-chinasici (TKI) hanno rivoluzionato il trattamento dei Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) oncogene-addicted in fase avanzata. Essi vengono somministrati con una dose standard, poi eventualmente ridotta in caso di tossicità. Alcuni studi, focalizzati prevalentemente su NSCLC EGFR-mutati, mostrano che la riduzione di dose non ha un effetto detrimentale sull’efficacia di trattamento. Tuttavia, poco è noto circa l’impatto della riduzione di dose dei TKI nei pazienti con alterazione molecolare di ALK, MET, ROS1 e RET. Scopo dello studio. Questo studio ha indagato l’impatto della riduzione di dose dei principali TKI ALK/MET/ROS1/RET-selettivi sull’efficacia del trattamento. L’obiettivo primario è stato il confronto tra la Progression-Free Survival (PFS) di chi ha mantenuto la dose piena e chi l’ha ridotta, mentre l’obiettivo secondario è stato quello di evidenziare differenze di Overall Survival (OS) e Time-to-Treatment Failure (TTF). È stata poi valutata l’associazione tra diverse caratteristiche cliniche dei pazienti e la riduzione di dose ed è stato analizzato il profilo di sicurezza dei diversi TKI. Materiali e metodi. È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico su pazienti con NSCLC oncogene-addicted avanzato/metastatico che hanno ricevuto in monoterapia Alectinib/ Lorlatinib/ Capmatinib/ Tepotinib/ Selpercatinib. Sono state raccolte caratteristiche cliniche, risposte radiologiche e tossicità da TKI, oltre a riduzioni di dose, sospensioni e discontinuazioni della terapia. L’analisi dei dati è stata svolta con il software statistico Jamovi (curve di sopravvivenza Kaplan-Meier, test Mann-Whitney U, test χ2 e modelli di regressione logistica). Risultati. Dei 211 pazienti inclusi, 84 (39,8%) hanno ridotto il dosaggio. Rispetto a chi ha mantenuto la dose piena, i pazienti che hanno ricevuto la dose ridotta hanno avuto un vantaggio di PFS statisticamente significativo sia per la popolazione complessiva (PFS mediana: 20,3 mesi vs 7,7 mesi; HR=0,57; IC 95%: 0,41-0,80; p=0,0009), sia per la sottopopolazione con NSCLC ALK-riarrangiato (PFS mediana: 25,3 mesi vs 8,6 mesi; HR=0,54; IC 95%: 0,36-0,80; p=0,0019), con NSCLC MET-alterato (PFS mediana: 8,6 mesi vs 2,8 mesi; HR=0,33; IC 95%: 0,13-0,84; p=0,0150) e in terapia con Alectinib (PFS mediana: 48,4 mesi vs 12,1 mesi; HR=0,48; IC 95%: 0,27-0,84; p=0,0088). L'OS della popolazione complessiva, invece, non risulta significativamente diversa (p=0,2200), mentre il TTF è significativamente migliore nel gruppo che aggiusta il dosaggio, sia considerando l'intera popolazione (p=0,0039), che la sottopopolazione ALK+ (p=0,0092) e quella in terapia con Alectinib (p=0,0370). Le principali variabili cliniche significativamente associate alla riduzione di dose sono state: età (p=0,0013), numero di comorbidità (p<0,0001) e di farmaci concomitanti (p=0,0122), comorbidità cardiovascolari (p=0,0004), diabete (p=0,0281), comorbidità renali (p=0,0174). Inoltre si è riscontrata un'associazione significativa tra riduzione di dose e: sospensione temporanea (p<0,0001), tossicità renale (p=0,0069), tossicità muscolo-scheletrica (p=0,0232), tossicità gastro-enterica (p=0,0106), tossicità neurologica/psichiatrica (p=0,0072). Queste ultime due si sono confermate rilevanti anche all'analisi multivariata. Conclusioni. Il confronto delle curve di PFS (dose piena vs dose ridotta), ha dimostrato come, non solo, la sopravvivenza non venga inficiata dalla riduzione di dose, ma subisca un miglioramento, probabilmente da ricondurre al fatto che la dose modificata favorisce la continuità terapeutica, riducendo la tossicità. Inoltre la riduzione di dose non compromette l'OS e prolunga il TTF. Questi risultati sono stati rilevati nell'intera popolazione e nella sottopopolazione più numerosa (ALK+). Studi su campioni più ampi MET/ROS1/RET+ sarebbero utili per poter confermare quanto evidenziato in questo studio.
Terapie target del NSCLC in stadio avanzato/metastatico con alterazione molecolare di ALK, MET, ROS1 e RET: impatto della riduzione di dose sull’efficacia del trattamento
ZAVARISE, IRENE
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the management of advanced, oncogene-addicted Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). They are administered at standard doses, which may subsequently be reduced upon the onset of adverse events. Several studies, focusing mainly on EGFR-mutated NSCLC, show that dose modulation does not exert a detrimental effect on treatment efficacy. To date, little is known about the clinical impact of dose reduction in patients with ALK, MET, ROS1, or RET alterations. Aim of the study. This study investigated the impact of dose reduction of major ALK/MET/ROS1/RET-selective TKIs on treatment efficacy. The primary endpoint was to compare Progression-Free Survival (PFS) between patients who maintained the full dose and those who reduced it. The secondary endpoint was to evaluate differences in Overall Survival (OS) and Time-to-Treatment Failure (TTF). The association between various clinical characteristics and dose reduction was also assessed, and the safety profile of the different TKIs was evaluated. Materials and methods. A retrospective, single-center, observational study was conducted on patients with advanced/metastatic oncogene-addicted NSCLC who received monotherapy with Alectinib, Lorlatinib, Capmatinib, Tepotinib, or Selpercatinib. Baseline clinical characteristics, radiological responses, TKI-related toxicities were collected, together with records of dose reductions, temporary treatment interruptions, and permanent discontinuations. Data analysis was performed using the Jamovi statistical software (Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and logistic regression models). Results. Of the 211 patients included, 84 (39.8%) underwent a dose reduction. Compared to those who maintained the full dose, patients who received a reduced dose achieved a statistically significant PFS benefit both in the overall cohort (median PFS: 20.3 months vs 7.7 months; HR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.41-0.80; p=0.0009) and across specific subgroups: the ALK-rearranged subpopulation (median PFS: 25.3 months vs 8.6 months; HR=0.54; 95% CI: 0.36-0.80; p=0.0019), the MET-altered subpopulation (median PFS: 8.6 months vs 2.8 months; HR=0.33; 95% CI: 0.13-0.84; p=0.0150), and in patients treated with Alectinib (median PFS: 48.4 months vs 12.1 months; HR=0.48; 95% CI: 0.27-0.84; p=0.0088). The OS of the overall cohort did not differ significantly between the two cohorts (p=0.2200). TTF was significantly better in the dose-reduction group, both in the overall population (p=0.0039) and within the ALK+ subpopulation (p=0.0092) and the Alectinib-treated cohort (p=0.0370). The main baseline clinical variables significantly associated with dose reduction were: age (p=0.0013), number of comorbidities (p<0.0001), number of concomitant drugs (p=0.0122), cardiovascular comorbidities (p=0.0004), diabetes (p=0.0281), and renal comorbidities (p=0.0174). Furthermore, a statistically significant association was observed between dose reduction and: temporary treatment suspension (p<0.0001), renal toxicity (p=0.0069), musculoskeletal toxicity (p=0.0232), gastrointestinal toxicity (p=0.0106), and neurological or psychiatric toxicity (p=0.0072). The latter two toxicities were also confirmed as significant factors in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions. The comparison of PFS curves demonstrated that survival is not only uncompromised by dose reduction but actually improved. This finding is likely attributable to the reduction of treatment-limiting toxicities with the modified dose, which enhance therapeutic continuity. Moreover, dose reduction does not compromise OS, while significantly prolonging TTF. These results were observed in the overall population and in the largest subpopulation (ALK+). Future studies with larger cohorts of patients harboring MET, ROS1, or RET alterations are suggested to confirm the findings highlighted in this study.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Zavarise_Irene.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
5.46 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
5.46 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109106