ABSTRACT Background. Acute release of cardiac troponin after physical exercise is a well-documented phenomenon in healthy subjects and, to a lesser extent, in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, where available studies have used standardised maximal protocols with delayed sampling at the late peak. Data are lacking on the biomarker response during moderate therapeutic exercise, in cardiac conditions other than hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in younger age groups, and with sampling performed immediately after the session. Aim of the study. This work aims to describe and quantify the change (Δ) in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) between samples drawn immediately before and immediately after two exercise modalities — monitored structured training and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) — in a mixed cohort of patients with heart disease, to compare the two modalities within the same population, and to assess the impact of sex-specific thresholds relative to a single laboratory cut-off. Materials and methods. A prospective observational analysis was performed on clinical and biochemical data from patients followed at the Sports Medicine Unit of AULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana. hs-cTnT was measured with the Roche Elecsys method (single laboratory cut-off 14 ng/L; sensitivity analysis with sex-specific cut-offs of 9 ng/L for women and 16 ng/L for men). Descriptive statistics referred to 119 patients and 195 paired sessions (142 training, 53 CPET); inferential analysis was performed using linear mixed-effects models on all 195 sessions, with the patient showing chronically elevated baseline values included in the primary model and addressed in a dedicated sensitivity analysis. Results. Median Δ was 1.0 ng/L in the overall cohort (1.5 ng/L for training, zero for CPET). For training sessions hs-cTnT increased, as the model’s mean effect, by 17.3% (95% CI 11.8–23.0; p < 0.001), whereas no change was observed for CPET (−0.7%; p = 0.843); the difference in response between the two modalities was significant (time × type interaction, p = 0.0004). The magnitude of the training-induced rise was not modified by diagnostic group (p = 0.704), sex (p = 0.551), or age (p = 0.252). Baseline hs-cTnT was weakly but significantly correlated with Δ (ρ = 0.210; p = 0.003). The sex-specific cut-off, while showing excellent agreement with the single criterion (κ ≈ 0.81), doubled the proportion of female sessions above threshold (from 33.3% to 52.8%). Conclusions. In a mixed cohort of patients with heart disease, physical exercise is associated with a modest hs-cTnT release, significant only for prolonged training and dependent on sampling timing rather than on the underlying cardiac substrate. The findings support the biochemical safety of the structured exercise programme and identify baseline values, rather than the diagnostic group, as the most useful marker for recognising patients with greater release, supporting the serial basal troponin monitoring already initiated at the Centre in patients with cardiomyopathy. Prospective confirmation of these preliminary observations represents the necessary development of this work.
RIASSUNTO Background. Il rilascio acuto di troponina cardiaca dopo esercizio fisico è un fenomeno documentato nel soggetto sano e, in misura più limitata, nella cardiomiopatia ipertrofica, ove gli studi disponibili hanno impiegato protocolli massimali standardizzati con prelievi differiti al picco tardivo. Mancano dati sulla risposta del biomarcatore durante l’esercizio terapeutico moderato, nelle cardiopatie diverse dalla cardiomiopatia ipertrofica, nella fascia di età giovanile e con prelievo immediatamente successivo alla sessione. Scopo dello studio. Il presente lavoro si propone di descrivere e quantificare la variazione (Δ) della troponina T ad alta sensibilità (hs-cTnT) tra il prelievo immediatamente precedente e quello immediatamente successivo a due modalità di esercizio — allenamento strutturato e test cardiopolmonare (CPET) — in una coorte mista di pazienti con cardiopatia, di confrontare le due modalità sulla stessa popolazione e di valutare l’impatto di una classificazione sex-specific rispetto al cut-off unico di laboratorio. Materiali e metodi. È stata condotta un’analisi osservazionale prospettica sui dati clinici e biochimici dei pazienti seguiti presso l’UOC di Medicina dello Sport dell’AULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana. La hs-cTnT è stata dosata con metodo Roche Elecsys (cut-off unico di laboratorio 14 ng/L; analisi di sensibilità con cut-off sex-specific 9 ng/L per le donne e 16 ng/L per gli uomini). La statistica descrittiva è riferita a 119 pazienti e 195 sessioni appaiate (142 di allenamento, 53 CPET); l’analisi inferenziale è stata condotta mediante modelli lineari a effetti misti sulle 195 sessioni, includendo nel modello primario la paziente con valori basali cronicamente elevati, oggetto di una specifica analisi di sensibilità. Risultati. Il Δ mediano è risultato di 1,0 ng/L nella coorte complessiva (1,5 ng/L nell’allenamento, nullo nel CPET). Nelle sessioni di allenamento la hs-cTnT è aumentata, come effetto medio del modello, del 17,3% (IC 95% 11,8–23,0; p < 0,001), mentre nel CPET non si è osservata variazione (−0,7%; p = 0,843); la differenza di risposta tra le due modalità è risultata significativa (interazione tempo × tipo, p = 0,0004). L’entità del rialzo da allenamento non è risultata modificata dal gruppo diagnostico (p = 0,704), dal sesso (p = 0,551) né dall’età (p = 0,252). Il valore basale di hs-cTnT è risultato debolmente ma significativamente correlato al Δ (ρ = 0,210; p = 0,003). L’adozione del cut-off sex-specific, a fronte di una concordanza eccellente con il criterio unico (κ ≈ 0,81), ha raddoppiato la quota di sessioni femminili oltre soglia (dal 33,3% al 52,8%). Conclusioni. In una coorte mista di pazienti con cardiopatia, l’esercizio fisico si associa a un rilascio di hs-cTnT di entità modesta, significativo nel solo allenamento prolungato e dipendente dal timing del prelievo più che dal substrato cardiopatico. I dati depongono a favore della sicurezza biochimica del programma di esercizio strutturato e individuano nel valore basale, più che nel gruppo diagnostico, l’elemento utile a riconoscere i pazienti a maggior rilascio, a sostegno del monitoraggio seriato della troponina basale già avviato presso il Centro nei pazienti con cardiomiopatia. La conferma prospettica di queste osservazioni preliminari ne rappresenta il necessario sviluppo.
Osservazioni preliminari sulla risposta all'esercizio fisico della troponina T ad alta sensibilità in pazienti affetti da cardiopatia
MENEGHETTI, GIOVANNI
2025/2026
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background. Acute release of cardiac troponin after physical exercise is a well-documented phenomenon in healthy subjects and, to a lesser extent, in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, where available studies have used standardised maximal protocols with delayed sampling at the late peak. Data are lacking on the biomarker response during moderate therapeutic exercise, in cardiac conditions other than hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in younger age groups, and with sampling performed immediately after the session. Aim of the study. This work aims to describe and quantify the change (Δ) in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) between samples drawn immediately before and immediately after two exercise modalities — monitored structured training and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) — in a mixed cohort of patients with heart disease, to compare the two modalities within the same population, and to assess the impact of sex-specific thresholds relative to a single laboratory cut-off. Materials and methods. A prospective observational analysis was performed on clinical and biochemical data from patients followed at the Sports Medicine Unit of AULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana. hs-cTnT was measured with the Roche Elecsys method (single laboratory cut-off 14 ng/L; sensitivity analysis with sex-specific cut-offs of 9 ng/L for women and 16 ng/L for men). Descriptive statistics referred to 119 patients and 195 paired sessions (142 training, 53 CPET); inferential analysis was performed using linear mixed-effects models on all 195 sessions, with the patient showing chronically elevated baseline values included in the primary model and addressed in a dedicated sensitivity analysis. Results. Median Δ was 1.0 ng/L in the overall cohort (1.5 ng/L for training, zero for CPET). For training sessions hs-cTnT increased, as the model’s mean effect, by 17.3% (95% CI 11.8–23.0; p < 0.001), whereas no change was observed for CPET (−0.7%; p = 0.843); the difference in response between the two modalities was significant (time × type interaction, p = 0.0004). The magnitude of the training-induced rise was not modified by diagnostic group (p = 0.704), sex (p = 0.551), or age (p = 0.252). Baseline hs-cTnT was weakly but significantly correlated with Δ (ρ = 0.210; p = 0.003). The sex-specific cut-off, while showing excellent agreement with the single criterion (κ ≈ 0.81), doubled the proportion of female sessions above threshold (from 33.3% to 52.8%). Conclusions. In a mixed cohort of patients with heart disease, physical exercise is associated with a modest hs-cTnT release, significant only for prolonged training and dependent on sampling timing rather than on the underlying cardiac substrate. The findings support the biochemical safety of the structured exercise programme and identify baseline values, rather than the diagnostic group, as the most useful marker for recognising patients with greater release, supporting the serial basal troponin monitoring already initiated at the Centre in patients with cardiomyopathy. Prospective confirmation of these preliminary observations represents the necessary development of this work.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109111