Background: Endolymphatic sac tumor (ELST) is a rare, low-grade malignant neoplasm of the inner ear. It exhibits locally aggressive behavior, causing infiltration of the petrous bone and, in advanced stages, destruction of the labyrinth and intracranial extension. It is frequently associated with Von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) disease, with a risk of 10-16%. The main symptoms are audiovestibular (hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus), but patients can also be asymptomatic. Currently, there is a lack of uniform international screening guidelines. Aim of the study: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of the main screening methods (CT, cone beam CT, MRI, and audiometric screening) in a large cohort of vHL patients to contribute to the definition of guidelines for ELST. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included vHL patients referred to the Otolaryngology Department of the University Hospital of Padua who underwent at least one MRI, a pure-tone audiometry exam, and a CT scan (conventional and/or cone beam) between 2010 and 2026. Morphometric parameters, such as the operculum diameter of the vestibular aqueduct (VA OP), were collected, and the potential involvement of contiguous structures was evaluated. Assuming MRI as the gold standard, statistical analysis employed parametric and non-parametric tests (Chi-square, Fisher, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney), ROC curves (AUC) to determine diagnostic accuracy, the deLong test to compare curves, and the Youden index to identify optimal cut-offs. Results: The analysis included 109 patients (214 evaluable ears). MRI diagnosed 9 cases of ELST (4.1%; right-sided unilateral dominance). CT showed a trend towards overestimating non-specific cortical defects (12 suspected cases, 5.6%), but the detection of bone erosions showed exceptional agreement with MRI (100% sensitivity, 99% specificity, AUC 99.5%). Among the CT markers of local invasiveness, alteration of the vestibular aqueduct profile and the intraosseous portion of the sac showed the highest accuracy (AUC 94.4%), followed by the jugular bulb (AUC 83.3%). Morphometric analysis documented a clear divergence in vestibular aqueduct (VA OP) diameters between healthy individuals (median 1.65 mm) and affected individuals (median 3.8 mm); the Youden index established a pathognomonic cut-off at 3.4 mm. The deLong comparison between the accuracy of CT and audiometric screening showed no statistically significant differences (p=0.175). Conclusions: CT stands out as a powerful aid in the early screening of ELST. Although MRI remains the gold standard for definitive confirmation, the absence of cortical erosions on CT allows for the exclusion of the neoplasm with high reliability. The systematic integration of millimetric measurement of the VA (OP) during follow-up and the assessment of the involvement of contiguous structures is recommended. Exceeding the 3.4 mm threshold or evidence of early structural bone alterations must constitute an immediate trigger for performing a contrast-enhanced MRI, thereby optimizing radiological workflows and patient care pathways.
Introduzione: Il tumore del sacco endolinfatico (ELST) è una rara neoplasia maligna a basso grado dell'orecchio interno. Ha un comportamento localmente aggressivo che causa l'infiltrazione dell'osso petroso e, negli stadi avanzati, la distruzione del labirinto e l'estensione intracranica. È frequentemente associato alla sindrome di Von Hippel-Lindau (vHL), con un rischio del 10-16%. I sintomi principali sono di tipo audiovestibolare (ipoacusia, vertigini, acufeni), ma i pazienti possono anche essere asintomatici. Attualmente mancano linee guida internazionali univoche per lo screening. Scopo dello studio: Valutare e confrontare l'efficacia delle principali metodiche di screening (TC, TC cone beam, RM e screening audiometrico) in un ampio gruppo di pazienti vHL per contribuire alla definizione di linee guida per l'ELST. Materiali e Metodi: Lo studio retrospettivo ha incluso i pazienti vHL afferenti alla UOC di Otorinolaringoiatria dell'Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova che hanno eseguito almeno una RM, un esame audiometrico tonale e una TC (tradizionale e/o cone beam) tra il 2010 e il 2026. Sono stati raccolti i parametri morfometrici, diametro dell’opercolo dell’acquedotto vestibolare (AV OP), e valutato l'eventuale coinvolgimento delle strutture contigue. Assumendo la RM come gold standard, l'analisi statistica ha impiegato test parametrici e non parametrici (Chi-quadrato, Fisher, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney), curve ROC (AUC) per determinare l'accuratezza diagnostica, il test di deLong per confrontare le curve e l'indice di Youden per individuare i cut-off ottimali. Risultati: L'analisi ha raggruppato 109 pazienti (214 orecchi valutabili). La RM ha diagnosticato 9 casi di ELST (4,1%; dominanza monolaterale destra). La TC ha mostrato una tendenza alla sovrastima dei difetti corticali aspecifici (12 casi sospetti, 5,6%), ma il riscontro di erosioni ossee ha mostrato una concordanza eccezionale con la RM (sensibilità 100%, specificità 99%, AUC 99,5%). Tra i marker di invasività locale alla TC, l'alterazione del profilo dell'acquedotto vestibolare e della porzione intraossea del sacco hanno mostrato la migliore accuratezza (AUC 94,4%), seguiti dal bulbo giugulare (AUC 83,3%). L'analisi morfometrica ha documentato una netta divergenza nei diametri dell'acquedotto vestibolare (AV OP) tra sani (mediana 1,65 mm) e malati (mediana 3,8 mm); l'indice di Youden ha fissato un cut-off patognomonico a 3,4 mm. Il confronto deLong tra l'accuratezza di TC e screening audiometrico non ha mostrato differenze statisticamente significative (p=0,175). Conclusioni: La TC si configura come un potente ausilio nello screening precoce dell'ELST. Sebbene la RM resti il gold standard per la conferma definitiva, l'assenza di erosioni corticali alla TC permette di escludere la neoplasia con elevata affidabilità. Si raccomanda l'integrazione sistematica della misurazione millimetrica dell'AV (OP) nel follow-up e la valutazione del coinvolgimento delle strutture contigue. Il superamento della soglia di 3,4 mm o l'evidenza di iniziali alterazioni ossee strutturali devono costituire il trigger immediato per l'esecuzione di una RM con mdc, ottimizzando i tempi radiologici e i percorsi assistenziali.
Screening del tumore del sacco endolinfatico nella malattia di von Hippel-Lindau: nuove prospettive clinico-radiologiche
ZAGO, LORENZO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Endolymphatic sac tumor (ELST) is a rare, low-grade malignant neoplasm of the inner ear. It exhibits locally aggressive behavior, causing infiltration of the petrous bone and, in advanced stages, destruction of the labyrinth and intracranial extension. It is frequently associated with Von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) disease, with a risk of 10-16%. The main symptoms are audiovestibular (hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus), but patients can also be asymptomatic. Currently, there is a lack of uniform international screening guidelines. Aim of the study: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of the main screening methods (CT, cone beam CT, MRI, and audiometric screening) in a large cohort of vHL patients to contribute to the definition of guidelines for ELST. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included vHL patients referred to the Otolaryngology Department of the University Hospital of Padua who underwent at least one MRI, a pure-tone audiometry exam, and a CT scan (conventional and/or cone beam) between 2010 and 2026. Morphometric parameters, such as the operculum diameter of the vestibular aqueduct (VA OP), were collected, and the potential involvement of contiguous structures was evaluated. Assuming MRI as the gold standard, statistical analysis employed parametric and non-parametric tests (Chi-square, Fisher, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney), ROC curves (AUC) to determine diagnostic accuracy, the deLong test to compare curves, and the Youden index to identify optimal cut-offs. Results: The analysis included 109 patients (214 evaluable ears). MRI diagnosed 9 cases of ELST (4.1%; right-sided unilateral dominance). CT showed a trend towards overestimating non-specific cortical defects (12 suspected cases, 5.6%), but the detection of bone erosions showed exceptional agreement with MRI (100% sensitivity, 99% specificity, AUC 99.5%). Among the CT markers of local invasiveness, alteration of the vestibular aqueduct profile and the intraosseous portion of the sac showed the highest accuracy (AUC 94.4%), followed by the jugular bulb (AUC 83.3%). Morphometric analysis documented a clear divergence in vestibular aqueduct (VA OP) diameters between healthy individuals (median 1.65 mm) and affected individuals (median 3.8 mm); the Youden index established a pathognomonic cut-off at 3.4 mm. The deLong comparison between the accuracy of CT and audiometric screening showed no statistically significant differences (p=0.175). Conclusions: CT stands out as a powerful aid in the early screening of ELST. Although MRI remains the gold standard for definitive confirmation, the absence of cortical erosions on CT allows for the exclusion of the neoplasm with high reliability. The systematic integration of millimetric measurement of the VA (OP) during follow-up and the assessment of the involvement of contiguous structures is recommended. Exceeding the 3.4 mm threshold or evidence of early structural bone alterations must constitute an immediate trigger for performing a contrast-enhanced MRI, thereby optimizing radiological workflows and patient care pathways.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Zago_Lorenzo .pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
1.87 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.87 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109118