Introduction: Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) is a necessary procedure to manage severe clinical complications of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), such as infections and mechanical malfunctions. Due to the tenacious fibrotic adhesions that embed the leads in the venous system and cardiac structures over time, the procedure is complex and carries an inherent risk of major complications, making rigorous preoperative planning and a multidisciplinary approach to extraction crucial. Aim of the study: The study aims to retrospectively analyze a cohort of CIED patients with an indication for TLE, in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the procedure performed using a rotational mechanical method and to analyze the clinical and procedural impact of an approach based on a multidisciplinary team. Materials and methods: An observational, retrospective, single-center clinical study was conducted on 190 patients who underwent TLE exclusively using a rotational mechanical approach at the Padua University Hospital (Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova) between October 2012 and December 2025. Simple manual explant procedures and cases with a lead dwell time of less than 12 months were excluded from the case series. Each case was discussed collegially by a multidisciplinary team (electrophysiologist, cardiac surgeon, anesthesiologist), and the extraction was conducted adopting a rigorous systematic "stepwise" approach. Results: In the examined cohort (mean age 66 years, 77% male), 367 target leads were identified, characterized by a very high mean dwell time (97 months). The primary indications for the procedure were infections (65%) and lead dysfunction (33%). The use of rotational mechanical sheaths guaranteed a clinical success rate of 96% and a complete procedural success rate of 89.5%, with procedural failure limited to 4% of cases. Regarding the safety profile, no periprocedural deaths occurred, and there were no cardiac avulsions or vascular tears. Major and minor complications were recorded in 5% and 17% of patients, respectively. In 34 high-risk patients, a combined procedural approach was undertaken (e.g., use of the AngioVac system for the aspiration of vegetations), which led to a clinical success rate of 94% without significant increases in major complications. During follow-up (mean duration of 43 months), the worsening of tricuspid regurgitation was significantly associated with mortality in the univariate analysis (HR 3.01, 95% CI: 1.16-7.81, p = 0.023). Multivariate analysis, on the other hand, identified an ejection fraction <30% (HR 3.12, 95% CI: 1.45-6.73, p = 0.004), systemic infection (HR 3.25, 95% CI: 1.59-6.65, p = 0.001), and the presence of ischemic heart disease with hypokinetic-dilated evolution (HR 2.41, 95% CI: 1.14-5.08, p = 0.021) as independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Transvenous extraction using rotational mechanical sheaths proved to be a highly effective and safe procedure, even when dealing with leads with a prolonged dwell time. The integration of a multidisciplinary approach and the planning of combined strategies in a hybrid or operating room allowed for the mitigation of the most severe procedural complications, confirming TLE as a consolidated therapeutic standard in high-volume centers.
Introduzione: L'estrazione transvenosa degli elettrocateteri (TLE) è una procedura necessaria per gestire complicanze cliniche severe dei dispositivi cardiaci elettronici impiantabili (CIED), come le infezioni e i malfunzionamenti meccanici. A causa delle tenaci aderenze fibrotiche che nel tempo inglobano i cateteri nel sistema venoso e nelle strutture cardiache, la procedura risulta complessa e gravata da un rischio intrinseco di complicanze maggiori, rendendo cruciale una rigorosa pianificazione preoperatoria e un approccio multidisciplinare all’estrazione. Scopo dello studio: Lo studio si propone di analizzare retrospettivamente una coorte di pazienti portatori di CIED con indicazione alla TLE, al fine di valutare la sicurezza e l'efficacia della procedura eseguita con metodica meccanica rotazionale e di analizzare l'impatto clinico e procedurale di un approccio basato su un team multidisciplinare. Materiali e metodi: È stato condotto uno studio clinico osservazionale, retrospettivo e monocentrico su 190 pazienti sottoposti a TLE esclusivamente mediante approccio meccanico rotazionale presso l'Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, nel periodo compreso tra ottobre 2012 e dicembre 2025. Sono state escluse dalla casistica le procedure di semplice espianto manuale e i casi con tempo di permanenza degli elettrocateteri (dwell time) inferiore a 12 mesi. Ciascun caso è stato discusso collegialmente da un team multidisciplinare (elettrofisiologo, cardiochirurgo, anestesista) e l'estrazione è stata condotta adottando un rigoroso approccio sistematico "stepwise". Risultati: Nella coorte esaminata (età media 66 anni, 77% di sesso maschile), sono stati identificati 367 elettrocateteri target, caratterizzati da un tempo medio di permanenza (dwell time) molto elevato (97 mesi). Le indicazioni primarie alla procedura sono state le infezioni (65%) e la disfunzione dell'elettrocatetere (33%). L'utilizzo delle guaine meccaniche rotazionali ha garantito un tasso di successo clinico del 96% e di successo procedurale completo dell'89,5%, con un fallimento procedurale limitato al 4% dei casi. Riguardo al profilo di sicurezza, non si è verificato alcun decesso periprocedurale e non si sono verificate avulsioni cardiache o lacerazioni vascolari. Le complicanze maggiori e minori si sono registrate rispettivamente nel 5% e nel 17% dei pazienti. In 34 pazienti ad alto rischio è stato intrapreso un approccio procedurale combinato (es. utilizzo del sistema AngioVac per l'aspirazione di vegetazioni), che ha portato a un successo clinico del 94% senza incrementi significativi delle complicanze maggiori. Nel follow-up (durata media di 43 mesi), il peggioramento dell'insufficienza tricuspidale è risultato significativamente associato alla mortalità all'analisi univariata (HR 3.01, 95% CI: 1.16-7.81, p = 0.023). L'analisi multivariata ha invece identificato una frazione di eiezione <30% (HR 3.12, 95% CI: 1.45-6.73, p = 0.004), l'infezione sistemica (HR 3.25, 95% CI: 1.59-6.65, p = 0.001) e la presenza di cardiopatia ischemica ad evoluzione ipocinetico-dilatativa (HR 2.41, 95% CI: 1.14-5.08, p = 0.021) come predittori indipendenti di mortalità. Conclusioni: L'estrazione transvenosa mediante l'utilizzo di guaine meccaniche rotazionali si è dimostrata una procedura altamente efficace e sicura, anche a fronte di elettrocateteri con un prolungato tempo di impianto. L'integrazione di un approccio multidisciplinare e la pianificazione di strategie combinate in sala ibrida od operatoria hanno permesso di mitigare le complicanze procedurali più severe, confermando la TLE come uno standard terapeutico consolidato nei centri ad alto volume procedurale.
Sicurezza ed efficacia dell'estrazione transvenosa meccanica rotazionale degli elettrocateteri: l'importanza di un approccio multidisciplinare
PIOVESAN, TOMMASO
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction: Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) is a necessary procedure to manage severe clinical complications of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), such as infections and mechanical malfunctions. Due to the tenacious fibrotic adhesions that embed the leads in the venous system and cardiac structures over time, the procedure is complex and carries an inherent risk of major complications, making rigorous preoperative planning and a multidisciplinary approach to extraction crucial. Aim of the study: The study aims to retrospectively analyze a cohort of CIED patients with an indication for TLE, in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the procedure performed using a rotational mechanical method and to analyze the clinical and procedural impact of an approach based on a multidisciplinary team. Materials and methods: An observational, retrospective, single-center clinical study was conducted on 190 patients who underwent TLE exclusively using a rotational mechanical approach at the Padua University Hospital (Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova) between October 2012 and December 2025. Simple manual explant procedures and cases with a lead dwell time of less than 12 months were excluded from the case series. Each case was discussed collegially by a multidisciplinary team (electrophysiologist, cardiac surgeon, anesthesiologist), and the extraction was conducted adopting a rigorous systematic "stepwise" approach. Results: In the examined cohort (mean age 66 years, 77% male), 367 target leads were identified, characterized by a very high mean dwell time (97 months). The primary indications for the procedure were infections (65%) and lead dysfunction (33%). The use of rotational mechanical sheaths guaranteed a clinical success rate of 96% and a complete procedural success rate of 89.5%, with procedural failure limited to 4% of cases. Regarding the safety profile, no periprocedural deaths occurred, and there were no cardiac avulsions or vascular tears. Major and minor complications were recorded in 5% and 17% of patients, respectively. In 34 high-risk patients, a combined procedural approach was undertaken (e.g., use of the AngioVac system for the aspiration of vegetations), which led to a clinical success rate of 94% without significant increases in major complications. During follow-up (mean duration of 43 months), the worsening of tricuspid regurgitation was significantly associated with mortality in the univariate analysis (HR 3.01, 95% CI: 1.16-7.81, p = 0.023). Multivariate analysis, on the other hand, identified an ejection fraction <30% (HR 3.12, 95% CI: 1.45-6.73, p = 0.004), systemic infection (HR 3.25, 95% CI: 1.59-6.65, p = 0.001), and the presence of ischemic heart disease with hypokinetic-dilated evolution (HR 2.41, 95% CI: 1.14-5.08, p = 0.021) as independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Transvenous extraction using rotational mechanical sheaths proved to be a highly effective and safe procedure, even when dealing with leads with a prolonged dwell time. The integration of a multidisciplinary approach and the planning of combined strategies in a hybrid or operating room allowed for the mitigation of the most severe procedural complications, confirming TLE as a consolidated therapeutic standard in high-volume centers.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109148