Background Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine neoplasm arising from the parafollicular cells of the thyroid. In sporadic forms, the molecular landscape is heterogeneous and mainly includes mutations of the RET and RAS genes. Previous studies have suggested possible sex-related differences in the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of the disease. The present study evaluated the impact of sex and mutational profile on the clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of patients with sporadic MTC. Methods A multicenter retrospective study was conducted on 147 patients affected by sporadic MTC, including 90 females and 57 males, followed at the Endocrinology Unit of the Padua University Hospital and at the Endocrinology Unit of the Sant'Orsola Polyclinic of Bologna. Clinical, histopathological, and molecular variables of the patients were collected, including disease stage, T category, lymph node involvement, distant metastases, multifocality, local infiltration, calcitonin (Ct) levels, and mutational status of the RET and RAS genes. Results Male patients more frequently presented characteristics associated with greater tumor aggressiveness, including advanced stage disease (III-IV), local invasion, lymph node involvement, and distant metastases. In particular, the frequency of stage III-IV disease was significantly higher in males compared to females (61,4% vs 16,7%; p<0,0001). Similarly, males showed a higher prevalence of lymph node and distant metastases and a higher percentage of tumors classified as high-grade according to the IMTCGS system. In the bivariate analysis, male sex was associated with a lower probability of achieving an excellent response and with a higher frequency of persistent structural disease. However, in the multivariate analyses, sex lost statistical significance, whereas lymph node involvement and local infiltration remained independently associated with persistent structural disease, and disease stage was the main determinant of achieving an excellent response. Molecular analysis confirmed the association between RET mutations and a more aggressive tumor phenotype; moreover, RET/RAS wild-type tumors showed significantly smaller dimensions compared to mutated tumors, suggesting the possible existence of a biologically less aggressive subgroup. No significant differences in clinicopathological characteristics emerged between women aged ≤55 years and >55 years. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study highlights that, in sporadic MTC, male sex is associated with more aggressive clinicopathological characteristics, but does not represent an independent prognostic factor. Outcome appears to be mainly determined by the extent of disease and the biological characteristics of the tumor. Molecular analysis confirms the role of RET mutations in defining tumor aggressiveness and suggests a possible biological heterogeneity of RET/RAS wild-type tumors.
Background Il carcinoma midollare della tiroide (MTC) è una neoplasia neuroendocrina derivante dalle cellule parafollicolari della tiroide. Nelle forme sporadiche il panorama molecolare è eterogeneo e comprende principalmente mutazioni dei geni RET e RAS. Studi precedenti hanno suggerito possibili differenze sesso-correlate nelle caratteristiche clinico-patologiche e nella prognosi della malattia. Il presente studio ha valutato l'impatto del sesso e del profilo mutazionale sulle caratteristiche clinico-patologiche e sull'outcome dei pazienti con MTC sporadico. Metodi È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo multicentrico su 147 pazienti affetti da MTC sporadico, di cui 90 femmine e 57 maschi, seguiti presso la UOC di Endocrinologia dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova e la UOC di Endocrinologia del Policlinico Sant’Orsola di Bologna. Sono state raccolte le variabili cliniche, isto-patologiche e molecolari dei pazienti, inclusi stadio di malattia, categoria T, coinvolgimento linfonodale, metastasi a distanza, multifocalità, infiltrazione locale, livelli di calcitonina (Ct) e stato mutazionale dei geni RET e RAS. Risultati I pazienti di sesso maschile presentavano più frequentemente caratteristiche associate a maggiore aggressività tumorale, tra cui stadio avanzato (III-IV), invasione locale, coinvolgimento linfonodale e metastasi a distanza. In particolare, la frequenza di malattia in stadio III-IV risultava significativamente più elevata nei maschi rispetto alle femmine (61,4% vs 16,7%; p<0,0001). Analogamente, i maschi mostravano una maggiore prevalenza di metastasi linfonodali e a distanza e una più elevata percentuale di tumori classificati come high-grade secondo il sistema IMTCGS. All'analisi bivariata, il sesso maschile risultava associato a una minore probabilità di ottenere una risposta eccellente e a una maggiore frequenza di malattia strutturale persistente. Tuttavia, nelle analisi multivariate il sesso perdeva significatività statistica, mentre il coinvolgimento linfonodale e l'infiltrazione locale rimanevano indipendentemente associati alla persistenza di malattia strutturale e lo stadio di malattia risultava il principale determinante del raggiungimento di una risposta eccellente. L'analisi molecolare ha confermato l'associazione tra mutazioni di RET e fenotipo tumorale più aggressivo; inoltre, i tumori RET/RAS wild-type presentavano dimensioni significativamente inferiori rispetto ai tumori mutati, suggerendo la possibile esistenza di un sottogruppo biologicamente meno aggressivo. Non sono emerse differenze significative nelle caratteristiche clinico-patologiche tra donne di età ≤55 anni e >55 anni. Conclusioni In conclusione, il presente studio evidenzia come nell’MTC sporadico il sesso maschile si associ a caratteristiche clinico-patologiche più aggressive, ma non rappresenta un fattore prognostico indipendente. L'outcome sembra essere principalmente determinato dall'estensione della malattia e dalle caratteristiche biologiche del tumore. L'analisi molecolare conferma il ruolo delle mutazioni di RET nella definizione dell'aggressività tumorale e suggerisce una possibile eterogeneità biologica dei tumori RET/RAS wild-type.
Impatto del sesso sulle caratteristiche clinico-patologiche e sugli outcome nel carcinoma midollare sporadico della tiroide
BOTTACIN, LAURA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine neoplasm arising from the parafollicular cells of the thyroid. In sporadic forms, the molecular landscape is heterogeneous and mainly includes mutations of the RET and RAS genes. Previous studies have suggested possible sex-related differences in the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of the disease. The present study evaluated the impact of sex and mutational profile on the clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of patients with sporadic MTC. Methods A multicenter retrospective study was conducted on 147 patients affected by sporadic MTC, including 90 females and 57 males, followed at the Endocrinology Unit of the Padua University Hospital and at the Endocrinology Unit of the Sant'Orsola Polyclinic of Bologna. Clinical, histopathological, and molecular variables of the patients were collected, including disease stage, T category, lymph node involvement, distant metastases, multifocality, local infiltration, calcitonin (Ct) levels, and mutational status of the RET and RAS genes. Results Male patients more frequently presented characteristics associated with greater tumor aggressiveness, including advanced stage disease (III-IV), local invasion, lymph node involvement, and distant metastases. In particular, the frequency of stage III-IV disease was significantly higher in males compared to females (61,4% vs 16,7%; p<0,0001). Similarly, males showed a higher prevalence of lymph node and distant metastases and a higher percentage of tumors classified as high-grade according to the IMTCGS system. In the bivariate analysis, male sex was associated with a lower probability of achieving an excellent response and with a higher frequency of persistent structural disease. However, in the multivariate analyses, sex lost statistical significance, whereas lymph node involvement and local infiltration remained independently associated with persistent structural disease, and disease stage was the main determinant of achieving an excellent response. Molecular analysis confirmed the association between RET mutations and a more aggressive tumor phenotype; moreover, RET/RAS wild-type tumors showed significantly smaller dimensions compared to mutated tumors, suggesting the possible existence of a biologically less aggressive subgroup. No significant differences in clinicopathological characteristics emerged between women aged ≤55 years and >55 years. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study highlights that, in sporadic MTC, male sex is associated with more aggressive clinicopathological characteristics, but does not represent an independent prognostic factor. Outcome appears to be mainly determined by the extent of disease and the biological characteristics of the tumor. Molecular analysis confirms the role of RET mutations in defining tumor aggressiveness and suggests a possible biological heterogeneity of RET/RAS wild-type tumors.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109169