Background: Iodine deficiency remains one of the leading global public health problems, with approximately two billion people having insufficient iodine intake. The clinical consequences of prolonged iodine deficiency encompass a broad spectrum of disorders (iodine deficiency disorders, IDD), whose severity varies according to the extent and duration of the deficit. Iodine, essential for thyroid hormone synthesis, must be obtained through diet; its elimination is predominantly urinary, making urinary iodine concentration (UIC) the primary indicator of iodine nutritional status in a population. In Italy, despite progress achieved through Law No. 55/2005 on iodine prophylaxis, areas of concern persist in the Veneto region, where previous studies have documented borderline iodine sufficiency with particular vulnerability among women of childbearing age and adolescents. In this context, cow's milk consumption emerges as one of the main dietary predictors of iodine status, although its iodine content is subject to marked seasonal and management-related variability. Aim: To evaluate the impact of consuming iodine-controlled cow's milk on the iodine status of school-age children and women of childbearing age. To this end, the Endocrinology Unit of the University of Padova established a collaboration with Latteria Soligo, whose milk provides approximately 30% of the recommended daily iodine requirement per 250 mL serving. Materials and methods: A total of 344 participants were enrolled (183 adult women, 161 children). At baseline, a first-morning urine sample was collected for UIC and urinary creatinine determination, and a questionnaire was administered to gather demographic, anthropometric, and dietary habit data. All participants consumed 250 mL/day of Soligo iodine-controlled milk for five consecutive days, with a second urine sample collected on day seven. In women, iodine-to-creatinine ratio (I:Cr, µg/g) was also calculated. Results: At baseline, women of childbearing age had a median I:Cr of 43.44 µg/g (moderate iodine deficiency); children had a median UIC of 111 µg/L (iodine sufficiency), although 23.1% showed UIC < 50 µg/L. Habitual cow's milk consumption was the only significant predictor of ioduria in women (I:Cr 71.58 vs 31.68 µg/g in non-consumers, p < 0.0001); neither iodized salt — used by over 80% of participants — nor other foods were associated with iodine status. Awareness of the national iodine prophylaxis campaign was low (38.5% in women, 31.8% in children). Following the intervention, women showed a significant increase in median I:Cr (from 43.44 to 63.01 µg/g, p = 0.0011) and an improvement in the distribution of ioduria (Stuart-Maxwell p = 0.02), with an increase in the proportion with I:Cr ≥ 100 µg/g (18.3% → 27.8%) and a reduction in those with I:Cr < 50 µg/g (55.3% → 41.7%). In the paediatric sample, median UIC changed from 111.0 to 118.0 µg/L without reaching statistical significance (p = 0.50; Stuart-Maxwell p = 0.068). Conclusions: Iodine status in women of childbearing age living predominantly in the Veneto region remains insufficient. Cow's milk is the most robust dietary predictor of ioduria, but habitual consumption alone does not ensure iodine sufficiency. Iodine-controlled milk significantly improved iodine status in women after just five days, establishing itself as an effective complementary tool to current prophylaxis strategies. The absence of a significant effect in children — already iodine-sufficient at baseline — is likely attributable to a ceiling effect. The low awareness of iodine prophylaxis strategies observed in both groups highlights the need to strengthen public education initiatives targeting the general population.
Presupposti dello studio: la carenza iodica rappresenta ancora oggi uno dei principali problemi di salute pubblica globale, con circa due miliardi di persone con apporto iodico insufficiente. Le conseguenze cliniche di un deficit iodico protratto comprendono un ampio spettro di disordini (iodine deficiency disorders, IDD), la cui gravità varia in relazione all'entità e alla durata del deficit. Lo iodio, essenziale per la sintesi degli ormoni tiroidei, deve essere introdotto con la dieta; la sua eliminazione è prevalentemente urinaria, rendendo la concentrazione urinaria di iodio (UIC) il principale indicatore dello stato nutrizionale iodico di una popolazione. In Italia, nonostante i progressi ottenuti con la legge n. 55/2005 sulla iodoprofilassi, persistono aree di criticità nella Regione Veneto, dove studi precedenti hanno documentato una iodosufficienza borderline con particolare vulnerabilità nelle donne in età fertile e nelle adolescenti. In questo contesto, il consumo di latte vaccino emerge come uno dei principali predittori alimentari dello status iodico, sebbene il suo contenuto iodico sia soggetto a marcata variabilità stagionale e gestionale. Scopo: valutare l'impatto dell'assunzione di latte vaccino a contenuto iodico controllato sullo status iodico di bambini in età scolare e donne in età fertile. A tale scopo, l'UOC di Endocrinologia dell'Università di Padova ha avviato una collaborazione con la Latteria Soligo, il cui latte garantisce circa il 30% del fabbisogno iodico giornaliero per porzione da 250 mL. Materiali e metodi: sono stati reclutati 344 partecipanti (183 donne adulte, 161 bambini). Al basale è stata raccolta un'urina del mattino per la determinazione di UIC e creatininuria, e somministrato un questionario su dati anagrafici, antropometrici e abitudini alimentari. Tutti i partecipanti hanno assunto per cinque giorni consecutivi 250 mL/die di latte Soligo, con raccolta di un secondo campione urinario al settimo giorno. Nelle donne è stata calcolata anche la ioduria corretta per creatinina (I:Cr, µg/g). Risultati: al basale, le donne in età fertile presentavano una I:Cr mediana di 43,44 µg/g (carenza iodica moderata); i bambini una UIC mediana di 111 µg/L (iodosufficienza), sebbene il 23,1% mostrasse UIC < 50 µg/L. Il consumo abituale di latte vaccino è risultato il solo predittore significativo della ioduria nelle donne (I:Cr 71,58 vs 31,68 µg/g nelle non consumatrici, p < 0,0001); né il sale iodato - utilizzato da oltre l'80% dei partecipanti - né altri alimenti sono risultati associati allo status iodico. La conoscenza della campagna nazionale di iodoprofilassi era limitata (38,5% nelle donne, 31,8% nei bambini). Dopo l'intervento, nelle donne si è osservato un incremento significativo della I:Cr mediana (da 43,44 a 63,01 µg/g, p = 0,0011) e un miglioramento della distribuzione della ioduria (Stuart-Maxwell p = 0,02), con aumento della quota con I:Cr ≥ 100 µg/g (18,3% → 27,8%) e riduzione di quella con I:Cr < 50 µg/g (55,3% → 41,7%). Nel campione pediatrico la UIC mediana è variata da 111,0 a 118,0 µg/L senza significatività statistica (p = 0,50; Stuart-Maxwell p = 0,068). Conclusioni: lo status iodico delle donne in età fertile residenti prevalentemente in Veneto rimane insufficiente. Il latte vaccino è il predittore alimentare più robusto della ioduria, ma nelle quantità abituali non garantisce la iodosufficienza. Il latte a contenuto iodico controllato ha migliorato significativamente lo status iodico nelle donne già dopo cinque giorni, configurandosi come strumento complementare efficace alle strategie correnti. L'assenza di effetto significativo nei bambini - già in iodosufficienza al basale - è verosimilmente attribuibile a un effetto plateau. La scarsa consapevolezza delle strategie di iodoprofilassi suggerisce infine la necessità di rafforzare le iniziative educative rivolte alla popolazione generale.
Impatto del latte vaccino a contenuto iodico controllato sullo status iodico di bambini in età scolare e donne in età fertile
VENTURA, MATTEO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Iodine deficiency remains one of the leading global public health problems, with approximately two billion people having insufficient iodine intake. The clinical consequences of prolonged iodine deficiency encompass a broad spectrum of disorders (iodine deficiency disorders, IDD), whose severity varies according to the extent and duration of the deficit. Iodine, essential for thyroid hormone synthesis, must be obtained through diet; its elimination is predominantly urinary, making urinary iodine concentration (UIC) the primary indicator of iodine nutritional status in a population. In Italy, despite progress achieved through Law No. 55/2005 on iodine prophylaxis, areas of concern persist in the Veneto region, where previous studies have documented borderline iodine sufficiency with particular vulnerability among women of childbearing age and adolescents. In this context, cow's milk consumption emerges as one of the main dietary predictors of iodine status, although its iodine content is subject to marked seasonal and management-related variability. Aim: To evaluate the impact of consuming iodine-controlled cow's milk on the iodine status of school-age children and women of childbearing age. To this end, the Endocrinology Unit of the University of Padova established a collaboration with Latteria Soligo, whose milk provides approximately 30% of the recommended daily iodine requirement per 250 mL serving. Materials and methods: A total of 344 participants were enrolled (183 adult women, 161 children). At baseline, a first-morning urine sample was collected for UIC and urinary creatinine determination, and a questionnaire was administered to gather demographic, anthropometric, and dietary habit data. All participants consumed 250 mL/day of Soligo iodine-controlled milk for five consecutive days, with a second urine sample collected on day seven. In women, iodine-to-creatinine ratio (I:Cr, µg/g) was also calculated. Results: At baseline, women of childbearing age had a median I:Cr of 43.44 µg/g (moderate iodine deficiency); children had a median UIC of 111 µg/L (iodine sufficiency), although 23.1% showed UIC < 50 µg/L. Habitual cow's milk consumption was the only significant predictor of ioduria in women (I:Cr 71.58 vs 31.68 µg/g in non-consumers, p < 0.0001); neither iodized salt — used by over 80% of participants — nor other foods were associated with iodine status. Awareness of the national iodine prophylaxis campaign was low (38.5% in women, 31.8% in children). Following the intervention, women showed a significant increase in median I:Cr (from 43.44 to 63.01 µg/g, p = 0.0011) and an improvement in the distribution of ioduria (Stuart-Maxwell p = 0.02), with an increase in the proportion with I:Cr ≥ 100 µg/g (18.3% → 27.8%) and a reduction in those with I:Cr < 50 µg/g (55.3% → 41.7%). In the paediatric sample, median UIC changed from 111.0 to 118.0 µg/L without reaching statistical significance (p = 0.50; Stuart-Maxwell p = 0.068). Conclusions: Iodine status in women of childbearing age living predominantly in the Veneto region remains insufficient. Cow's milk is the most robust dietary predictor of ioduria, but habitual consumption alone does not ensure iodine sufficiency. Iodine-controlled milk significantly improved iodine status in women after just five days, establishing itself as an effective complementary tool to current prophylaxis strategies. The absence of a significant effect in children — already iodine-sufficient at baseline — is likely attributable to a ceiling effect. The low awareness of iodine prophylaxis strategies observed in both groups highlights the need to strengthen public education initiatives targeting the general population.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109175