Background. Ventricular pre-excitation, with a prevalence between 0.1% and 0.3% in the pediatric population, is caused by the presence of atrioventricular accessory pathways (APs) and carries a risk of reentrant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Although transcatheter ablation represents the definitive treatment in the majority of cases, the management of pediatric cohorts requires high-level expertise and specialized centers. Aim. This study aims to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of transcatheter ablation guided by electroanatomical mapping (EAM) systems in a pediatric population with atrioventricular accessory pathways, analyzing success rates and categorizing therapeutic failures into acute inefficacy and clinical recurrence during follow-up. Methods. A retrospective comparative study was conducted on 167 pediatric patients (< 18 years) who underwent transcatheter ablation (via radiofrequency or cryoablation) of accessory pathways at a single tertiary center between 2014 and 2026. All procedures were routinely performed under the guidance of a 3D electroanatomical mapping system. Clinical outcomes were stratified according to the anatomical localization of the accessory pathway and categorized into two primary outcomes: (1) acute procedural success and (2) arrhythmic recurrence during follow-up. Results. The accessory pathway ablation procedure proved to be extremely safe, with zero cases of major complications reported. The overall acute procedural efficacy was 87.4%, with a success rate of 89.1% for left-sided pathways, 86.9% for right-sided pathways, and 80.0% for multiple pathways, although these differences were not statistically significant due to the small sample size. On multivariate analysis, a right parahisian/anteroseptal localization was found to be the only independent predictor of acute procedural failure (aOR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05–0.53; p = 0.0029). The long-term recurrence rate was 12.6%, with a median time-to-event of 1.7 months from the procedure. On univariate analysis, the use of radiofrequency compared to cryoablation was found to be protective against recurrence (OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.05–0.97, p = 0.0450). On multivariate analysis, the presence of multiple APs (aOR: 5.97, p = 0.0033) and a right lateral localization (aOR: 8.14, p = 0.0172) were independent predictors of late recurrence. Left-sided APs demonstrated a significantly lower risk of recurrence (aOR: 0.27, p = 0.0160). Conclusions. Transcatheter ablation of accessory pathways in the pediatric population demonstrates an excellent safety profile, where the prevention of complications justifies the lower acute success rate in complex substrates. Right sided APs (lateral and parahisian) and multiple pathways represent the primary anatomical determinants of acute procedural failure and recurrence.
Background. La pre-eccitazione ventricolare con una prevalenza tra lo 0.1 e lo 0.3% nella popolazione pediatrica, è causata dalla presenza di vie accessorie atrioventricolari e comporta il rischio di aritmie da rientro e di morte cardiaca improvvisa. Sebbene l’ablazione transcatetere rappresenti il trattamento definitivo nella maggioranza dei casi, la gestione delle casistiche pediatriche richiede un’expertise di alto livello e centri specializzati. Scopo dello studio. Questo studio mira a valutare l’efficacia e la sicurezza a lungo termine dell’ablazione transcatetere guidata da sistemi di mappaggio elettroanatomico (EAM) in una popolazione pediatrica con vie accessorie atrioventricolari, analizzando i tassi di successo e categorizzando i fallimenti terapeutici in inefficacia acuta e recidiva clinica durante il follow-up. Materiali e metodi. È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo comparativo su 167 pazienti pediatrici (< 18 anni) sottoposti ad ablazione transcatetere (mediante radiofrequenza o crioablazione) di vie accessorie presso un singolo centro terziario tra il 2014 e il 2026. Tutte le procedure sono state eseguite routinariamente sotto la guida del sistema di mappaggio elettroanatomico tridimensionale. I risultati clinici sono stati stratificati in base alla localizzazione anatomica della via accessoria e categorizzati in due outcome principali: (1) successo procedurale acuto e (2) recidiva aritmica durante il follow-up. Risultati La procedura di ablazione di vie accessorie è risultata estremamente sicura avendo riportato 0 casi di complicanze maggiori. L’efficacia procedurale acuta globale è stata dell’87.4%, con un tasso di successo di 89.1% per le vie sinistre, di 86.9% per le destre e di 80,0% per le vie multiple, anche se le differenze non sono risultate significative per la ridotta numerosità campionaria. All’analisi multivariata la localizzazione parahisiana/anterosettale destra è risultata l’unico predittore indipendente di fallimento procedurale acuto (aOR: 0.16, IC 95%: 0.05 0.53; p = 0.0029). Il tasso di recidiva a lungo termine è stato del 12.6% con un tempo mediano all’evento di 1.7 mesi dalla procedura. All’analisi univariata l’uso della radiofrequenza rispetto alla crioablazione è risultato protettivo contro le recidive (OR: 0.21, IC 95%: 0.05-0.97, p = 0.0450). All’analisi multivariata, la presenza di VA multiple (aOR: 5.97, p = 0.0033) e la localizzazione laterale destra (aOR: 8.14, p = 0.0172) sono risultate predittori indipendenti di recidiva tardiva. Le VA sinistre hanno mostrato un rischio significativamente inferiore di recidiva (aOR: 0.27, p = 0.0160). Conclusioni. Ad oggi l’ablazione transcatetere di vie accessorie in età pediatrica mostra un eccellente profilo di sicurezza, dove la prevenzione delle complicanze giustifica il minor successo acuto nei substrati complessi. Le VA destre (laterali e parahisiane) e i fasci multipli rappresentano i principali determinanti anatomici di insuccesso procedurale acuto e di recidiva.
Ablazione transcatetere a zero-fluoroscopia per il trattamento della pre-eccitazione ventricolare in pazienti pediatrici. Un'esperienza monocentrica a lungo termine
AGOSTINI, FRANCESCO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Ventricular pre-excitation, with a prevalence between 0.1% and 0.3% in the pediatric population, is caused by the presence of atrioventricular accessory pathways (APs) and carries a risk of reentrant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Although transcatheter ablation represents the definitive treatment in the majority of cases, the management of pediatric cohorts requires high-level expertise and specialized centers. Aim. This study aims to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of transcatheter ablation guided by electroanatomical mapping (EAM) systems in a pediatric population with atrioventricular accessory pathways, analyzing success rates and categorizing therapeutic failures into acute inefficacy and clinical recurrence during follow-up. Methods. A retrospective comparative study was conducted on 167 pediatric patients (< 18 years) who underwent transcatheter ablation (via radiofrequency or cryoablation) of accessory pathways at a single tertiary center between 2014 and 2026. All procedures were routinely performed under the guidance of a 3D electroanatomical mapping system. Clinical outcomes were stratified according to the anatomical localization of the accessory pathway and categorized into two primary outcomes: (1) acute procedural success and (2) arrhythmic recurrence during follow-up. Results. The accessory pathway ablation procedure proved to be extremely safe, with zero cases of major complications reported. The overall acute procedural efficacy was 87.4%, with a success rate of 89.1% for left-sided pathways, 86.9% for right-sided pathways, and 80.0% for multiple pathways, although these differences were not statistically significant due to the small sample size. On multivariate analysis, a right parahisian/anteroseptal localization was found to be the only independent predictor of acute procedural failure (aOR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05–0.53; p = 0.0029). The long-term recurrence rate was 12.6%, with a median time-to-event of 1.7 months from the procedure. On univariate analysis, the use of radiofrequency compared to cryoablation was found to be protective against recurrence (OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.05–0.97, p = 0.0450). On multivariate analysis, the presence of multiple APs (aOR: 5.97, p = 0.0033) and a right lateral localization (aOR: 8.14, p = 0.0172) were independent predictors of late recurrence. Left-sided APs demonstrated a significantly lower risk of recurrence (aOR: 0.27, p = 0.0160). Conclusions. Transcatheter ablation of accessory pathways in the pediatric population demonstrates an excellent safety profile, where the prevention of complications justifies the lower acute success rate in complex substrates. Right sided APs (lateral and parahisian) and multiple pathways represent the primary anatomical determinants of acute procedural failure and recurrence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109189