Introduction Kidney transplantation currently represents the gold standard therapeutic option for chronic kidney disease, leading to a significant improvement in both quality of life and survival. However, among the major associated challenges are the appropriate management of immunosuppressive therapy and its related risks, as well as the increased incidence of cardiovascular complications, which remain the leading cause of mortality in transplant recipients. Although kidney transplantation substantially reduces cardiovascular risk compared with dialysis, renal transplant recipients (RTRs) still exhibit an annual incidence of cardiovascular events ranging from 3.5% to 5%. To mitigate this risk, the use of mTOR inhibitors within immunosuppressive regimens may prove beneficial by reducing exposure to calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and their associated adverse metabolic effects. Study Aims The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and cardiac hypertrophy between patients treated with everolimus and mycophenolate within a cohort of kidney transplant recipients. In addition, the prevalence of both traditional and transplant-specific cardiovascular risk factors was assessed. Patient survival in the two treatment groups was also evaluated as a secondary endpoint. Materials and Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted on 200 patients who underwent kidney transplantation (single kidney, dual kidney, or combined kidney pancreas/liver transplantation) and were followed at the Kidney–Pancreas Transplant Ambulatory of the University Hospital of Padua. Transplants were performed between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018. Patients were selected according to their maintenance immunosuppressive regimen; individuals treated exclusively with steroids and CNIs (without antimetabolites or mTOR inhibitors) and those with a prior history of MACEs were excluded. 4 Results The findings demonstrated that everolimus was not inferior to mycophenolate regarding the incidence of MACEs, the development of cardiac hypertrophy, laboratory parameters, and patient survival. Discussion and Conclusions Despite the limitations related to sample size and the retrospective study design, the present study demonstrates that everolimus is comparable to mycophenolate in kidney transplant recipients both in the long-term prevention of major cardiovascular events and in terms of patient survival. These findings suggest that everolimus may represent a valid therapeutic alternative, provided that careful management of dosing and metabolic adverse effects, such as dyslipidemia, is ensured. Finally, the study highlights the importance of increasing awareness among both patients and clinicians regarding cardiovascular risk in this population, as well as the need for accurate outpatient monitoring of potential complications.
Introduzione. Il trapianto renale risulta essere ad oggi il gold standard terapeutico per l’insufficienza renale cronica, comportando un significativo miglioramento della qualità di vita e della sopravvivenza. Tuttavia, tra le maggiori criticità correlate, sono presenti la corretta gestione dell’immunosoppressione e i relativi rischi e le aumentate complicanze cardiovascolari, che risultano essere la prima causa di mortalità nei post-trapiantati. Sebbene il trapianto renale riduca infatti in modo rilevante il rischio cardiovascolare rispetto alla dialisi, i riceventi di trapianto di rene (RTRs) presentano comunque un’incidenza annua di eventi cardiovascolari pari al 3,5–5%. Per contenere tale rischio, l’impiego degli inibitori di mTOR nei regimi immunosoppressivi potrebbe risultare utile, permettendo di diminuire l’esposizione agli inibitori della calcineurina (CNIs) e ai loro effetti metabolici indesiderati. Obiettivi dello studio Lo studio si propone di confrontare l’incidenza di eventi cardiovascolari avversi maggiori (MACEs) e di ipertrofia cardiaca tra pazienti trattati con everolimus e pazienti in terapia con micofenolato all’interno di una coorte di trapiantati. Inoltre, è stata analizzata la frequenza dei fattori di rischio cardiovascolare, sia tradizionali sia specifici. Come endpoint secondario, è stata valutata la sopravvivenza del paziente nei due gruppi terapeutici. Materiali e metodi È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo su 200 pazienti sottoposti a trapianto renale (singolo, doppio o combinato rene-pancreas/fegato), seguiti presso l’Ambulatorio Trapianti Rene-Pancreas dell’Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova. I trapianti sono stati eseguiti tra il 1° gennaio 2015 e il 31 dicembre 2018. I pazienti sono stati selezionati in base alla terapia immunosoppressiva di mantenimento, escludendo coloro trattati esclusivamente con steroidi e CNIs (senza antimetaboliti o mTORi) e quelli con precedente storia di MACEs. 2 Risultati I dati mostrano che l’everolimus non è inferiore al micofenolato per quanto riguarda l’incidenza di MACEs, lo sviluppo di ipertrofia cardiaca, i parametri di laboratorio e la sopravvivenza. Discussione e conclusioni Nonostante i limiti legati alla dimensione del campione e al disegno retrospettivo, lo studio evidenzia che l’everolimus è comparabile al micofenolato nei trapiantati di rene sia nella prevenzione a lungo termine degli eventi cardiovascolari maggiori sia in termini di sopravvivenza. Questi risultati suggeriscono che l’everolimus possa rappresentare un’alternativa valida, a condizione di un’attenta gestione del dosaggio e degli effetti collaterali metabolici, come la dislipidemia. Infine, emerge l’importanza di sensibilizzare pazienti e clinici sul rischio cardiovascolare in questa popolazione e sulla necessità di un monitoraggio ambulatoriale accurato delle possibili complicanze.
Rischio cardiovascolare nel paziente trapiantato: uno studio retrospettivo monocentrico comparativo tra everolimus e micofenolato nei pazienti sottoposti a trapianto renale
BARCO, NOEMI
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction Kidney transplantation currently represents the gold standard therapeutic option for chronic kidney disease, leading to a significant improvement in both quality of life and survival. However, among the major associated challenges are the appropriate management of immunosuppressive therapy and its related risks, as well as the increased incidence of cardiovascular complications, which remain the leading cause of mortality in transplant recipients. Although kidney transplantation substantially reduces cardiovascular risk compared with dialysis, renal transplant recipients (RTRs) still exhibit an annual incidence of cardiovascular events ranging from 3.5% to 5%. To mitigate this risk, the use of mTOR inhibitors within immunosuppressive regimens may prove beneficial by reducing exposure to calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and their associated adverse metabolic effects. Study Aims The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and cardiac hypertrophy between patients treated with everolimus and mycophenolate within a cohort of kidney transplant recipients. In addition, the prevalence of both traditional and transplant-specific cardiovascular risk factors was assessed. Patient survival in the two treatment groups was also evaluated as a secondary endpoint. Materials and Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted on 200 patients who underwent kidney transplantation (single kidney, dual kidney, or combined kidney pancreas/liver transplantation) and were followed at the Kidney–Pancreas Transplant Ambulatory of the University Hospital of Padua. Transplants were performed between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018. Patients were selected according to their maintenance immunosuppressive regimen; individuals treated exclusively with steroids and CNIs (without antimetabolites or mTOR inhibitors) and those with a prior history of MACEs were excluded. 4 Results The findings demonstrated that everolimus was not inferior to mycophenolate regarding the incidence of MACEs, the development of cardiac hypertrophy, laboratory parameters, and patient survival. Discussion and Conclusions Despite the limitations related to sample size and the retrospective study design, the present study demonstrates that everolimus is comparable to mycophenolate in kidney transplant recipients both in the long-term prevention of major cardiovascular events and in terms of patient survival. These findings suggest that everolimus may represent a valid therapeutic alternative, provided that careful management of dosing and metabolic adverse effects, such as dyslipidemia, is ensured. Finally, the study highlights the importance of increasing awareness among both patients and clinicians regarding cardiovascular risk in this population, as well as the need for accurate outpatient monitoring of potential complications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109190