Background Sleep disorders are among the most frequent comorbidities in Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs), with prevalence estimates ranging in the literature from 40% to 86% depending on the disorder and the instruments used. The literature also describes a bidirectional, neurobiologically grounded link between sleep and emotion regulation, and associations between sleep disturbances and psychopathology, impulsivity, alexithymia, adverse experiences, and parenting style. Despite this relevance, sleep is often regarded as an epiphenomenon of the underlying condition, and studies comparing it against an age-matched control group are still scarce. The overlap among these factors and the frequent co-occurrence of multiple conditions in the same individual call for an integrated approach able to distinguish what is specific to sleep from what reflects overall clinical severity. Purpose of the study The study aims to quantify sleep impairment in adolescents with NDDs relative to an age-matched control group, to describe its profile across subscales and diagnostic categories, and to examine, at the individual level, the relationships between sleep quality and clinical variables, in order to clarify whether sleep disturbance is a reflection of psychopathology or a relatively autonomous clinical dimension. Materials and Methods The study followed a cross-sectional, case-control observational design, involving 27 adolescents with NDDs and 27 age-matched controls referred to the Child Neuropsychiatry Unit of the Hospital-University of Padua. Sleep was assessed with the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC); the clinical battery included DERS-SF, BIS-11, TAS-20, Y-VACS, PBI, C-SSRS, YSR and CBCL, and, for the clinical group only, the WISC-IV. Analyses included between-group comparisons (ANOVA, chi-square), Pearson correlations computed separately in the two groups, and an exploratory hierarchical regression. Results Adolescents with NDDs showed markedly more disturbed sleep than controls (mean SDSC total T-score in the clinical range, about 69 versus about 50), with roughly 41% of patients above the clinical threshold compared with none of the controls; the most clearly differentiated subscale was excessive daytime sleepiness. However, the marked overall clinical burden, spanning psychopathology, emotion regulation, impulsivity, alexithymia, adverse events, parenting style, and suicidality, was not matched by an individual-level association between sleep and single clinical dimensions: within each group, correlations were largely close to zero. Exceptions were exposure to adverse events, processing speed, and dysregulation when reported by the parent, all linked to disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep; in the regression, adverse events emerged as the main predictors, absorbing the group effect. Conclusions In NDDs, sleep is severely impaired but, at the individual level, largely decoupled from other clinical dimensions: it therefore cannot be regarded as a mere reflection of psychopathological severity, nor can it be expected to improve by treating comorbidities alone. This supports recognizing sleep as an autonomous clinical target, to be systematically assessed and specifically treated, integrating the parent's report with the adolescent's and taking the family context into account. The findings, though limited by the small sample, the gender imbalance between groups, and the use of a single informant-based instrument, offer useful directions for future studies on larger samples and with objective sleep measures.
Presupposti dello studio I disturbi del sonno rappresentano una delle comorbidità più frequenti nei Disturbi del Neurosviluppo (DNS), con stime di prevalenza che in letteratura oscillano tra il 40% e l'86% a seconda del disturbo e degli strumenti impiegati. La letteratura descrive inoltre un legame bidirezionale, sostenuto da meccanismi neurobiologici, tra sonno e regolazione emotiva, e associazioni tra disturbi del sonno e psicopatologia, impulsività, alessitimia, esperienze avverse e stile genitoriale. Nonostante questa rilevanza, il sonno è spesso considerato un epifenomeno della condizione di base, e gli studi che lo confrontano con un gruppo di controllo di pari età sono ancora pochi. La sovrapposizione tra questi fattori e la frequente co-occorrenza di più condizioni nello stesso soggetto rendono necessario un approccio integrato, capace di distinguere ciò che è proprio del sonno da ciò che riflette la gravità clinica complessiva. Scopo dello studio Lo studio si propone di quantificare la compromissione del sonno negli adolescenti con DNS rispetto a un gruppo di controllo di pari età, di descriverne il profilo nelle diverse sottoscale e nei diversi quadri diagnostici, e di esaminare a livello individuale le relazioni tra qualità del sonno e variabili cliniche, al fine di chiarire se il disturbo del sonno costituisca un riflesso della psicopatologia o una dimensione clinica relativamente autonoma. Materiali e metodi Lo studio ha adottato un disegno osservazionale trasversale di tipo caso-controllo, coinvolgendo 27 adolescenti con DNS e 27 controlli di pari età afferenti alla UOC di Neuropsichiatria Infantile dell'Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova. Il sonno è stato valutato con la Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC); la batteria clinica comprendeva DERS-SF, BIS-11, TAS-20, Y-VACS, PBI, C-SSRS, YSR e CBCL e, per il solo gruppo clinico, la WISC-IV. Le analisi hanno incluso confronti tra gruppi (ANOVA, chi-quadrato), correlazioni di Pearson calcolate separatamente nei due gruppi e una regressione gerarchica esplorativa. Risultati I soggetti con DNS hanno mostrato un sonno marcatamente più disturbato dei controlli (punteggio T totale alla SDSC in media in area clinica, circa 69 contro circa 50), con circa il 41% dei pazienti oltre la soglia clinica a fronte di nessun controllo; la sottoscala più nettamente differenziata è risultata l'eccessiva sonnolenza diurna. Al marcato carico clinico complessivo, esteso a psicopatologia, regolazione emotiva, impulsività, alessitimia, eventi avversi, stile genitoriale e suicidalità, non corrisponde però un'associazione individuale tra sonno e singole dimensioni cliniche: entro ciascun gruppo le correlazioni erano in larga parte prossime allo zero. Fanno eccezione l'esposizione a eventi avversi, la velocità di elaborazione e la disregolazione quando riferita dal genitore, tutte legate ai disturbi di inizio e mantenimento del sonno; nella regressione gli eventi avversi emergevano come principali predittori, assorbendo l'effetto dell'appartenenza al gruppo. Conclusioni Nei DNS il sonno è gravemente compromesso ma, a livello individuale, in larga parte slegato dalle altre dimensioni cliniche: non può quindi essere considerato un semplice riflesso della gravità psicopatologica, né ci si può attendere che migliori trattando le sole comorbidità. Ne deriva l'indicazione a riconoscere il sonno come bersaglio clinico autonomo, da valutare sistematicamente e trattare in modo dedicato, integrando il resoconto del genitore a quello del ragazzo e tenendo conto del contesto familiare. I risultati, pur limitati dalla numerosità ridotta, dallo sbilanciamento di genere tra i gruppi e dall'uso di un unico strumento eterovalutativo, offrono spunti utili per studi futuri su campioni più ampi e con misure oggettive del sonno.
Il sonno in adolescenti con disturbi del neurosviluppo: studio osservazionale trasversale caso-controllo in neuropsichiatria infantile ospedaliera
NASISI, TOMMASO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background Sleep disorders are among the most frequent comorbidities in Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs), with prevalence estimates ranging in the literature from 40% to 86% depending on the disorder and the instruments used. The literature also describes a bidirectional, neurobiologically grounded link between sleep and emotion regulation, and associations between sleep disturbances and psychopathology, impulsivity, alexithymia, adverse experiences, and parenting style. Despite this relevance, sleep is often regarded as an epiphenomenon of the underlying condition, and studies comparing it against an age-matched control group are still scarce. The overlap among these factors and the frequent co-occurrence of multiple conditions in the same individual call for an integrated approach able to distinguish what is specific to sleep from what reflects overall clinical severity. Purpose of the study The study aims to quantify sleep impairment in adolescents with NDDs relative to an age-matched control group, to describe its profile across subscales and diagnostic categories, and to examine, at the individual level, the relationships between sleep quality and clinical variables, in order to clarify whether sleep disturbance is a reflection of psychopathology or a relatively autonomous clinical dimension. Materials and Methods The study followed a cross-sectional, case-control observational design, involving 27 adolescents with NDDs and 27 age-matched controls referred to the Child Neuropsychiatry Unit of the Hospital-University of Padua. Sleep was assessed with the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC); the clinical battery included DERS-SF, BIS-11, TAS-20, Y-VACS, PBI, C-SSRS, YSR and CBCL, and, for the clinical group only, the WISC-IV. Analyses included between-group comparisons (ANOVA, chi-square), Pearson correlations computed separately in the two groups, and an exploratory hierarchical regression. Results Adolescents with NDDs showed markedly more disturbed sleep than controls (mean SDSC total T-score in the clinical range, about 69 versus about 50), with roughly 41% of patients above the clinical threshold compared with none of the controls; the most clearly differentiated subscale was excessive daytime sleepiness. However, the marked overall clinical burden, spanning psychopathology, emotion regulation, impulsivity, alexithymia, adverse events, parenting style, and suicidality, was not matched by an individual-level association between sleep and single clinical dimensions: within each group, correlations were largely close to zero. Exceptions were exposure to adverse events, processing speed, and dysregulation when reported by the parent, all linked to disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep; in the regression, adverse events emerged as the main predictors, absorbing the group effect. Conclusions In NDDs, sleep is severely impaired but, at the individual level, largely decoupled from other clinical dimensions: it therefore cannot be regarded as a mere reflection of psychopathological severity, nor can it be expected to improve by treating comorbidities alone. This supports recognizing sleep as an autonomous clinical target, to be systematically assessed and specifically treated, integrating the parent's report with the adolescent's and taking the family context into account. The findings, though limited by the small sample, the gender imbalance between groups, and the use of a single informant-based instrument, offer useful directions for future studies on larger samples and with objective sleep measures.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109193