BACKGROUND It is now widely accepted within the scientific community that body composition is intrinsically related to carcinogenesis, particularly in the context of gastrointestinal tract tumors. Specifically, visceral adipose tissue represents an independent risk factor for tumor development, whereas an increase in both the quantity and quality of muscle mass plays a protective role. Carcinogenesis, in turn, negatively affects body composition, leading to conditions such as sarcopenia, a marker of the aggressive biological behavior of the tumor and of the overall deterioration of the organism. A relationship of reciprocal causality therefore exists between body composition and carcinogenesis. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aims to demonstrate how a qualitatively superior body composition may lead to improved survival in patients with colorectal cancer, given the interdependence of the two factors under examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical data, including anthropometric and medical history data, were collected for 202 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent elective surgery between 2015 and 2021. Body composition was assessed through the analysis of a single slice at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) on the abdominal CT scan performed for preoperative staging. By setting Hounsfield Unit (HU) thresholds for the various tissues, it was possible to isolate adipose tissue and investigate both its abdominal and intramuscular distribution at the level of the erector spinae and psoas muscles; furthermore, again exploiting HU measurement, the radiological density of these same muscles was assessed. RESULTS Overall, with the exception of disease stage, the only variable that proved to affect survival, at the limits of statistical significance, was muscle quality. Adipose infiltration of the erector spinae muscle and, to a lesser extent, of the psoas muscle were found to be independent risk factors for mortality; conversely, a higher radiological density, which is negatively correlated with adipose infiltration, was found to be a protective factor. Although adipose infiltration is directly correlated with adiposity, the measures relating to the abdominal distribution of adipose tissue were not found to be relevant. The anthropometric indices commonly used to clinically estimate body composition proved ineffective in describing the data derived from radiological analysis and showed no impact on mortality. CONCLUSIONS In the context of body composition assessment, the parameter that best serves as a predictive factor for the survival of patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer is muscle quality, in terms of adipose infiltration and, secondarily, radiological density. The assessment of these variables, if performed on patients’ preoperative radiological images, would entail no additional cost and would allow for better prognostic stratification and, consequently, a more personalized therapeutic approach.
PRESUPPOSTI DELLO STUDIO È ormai oggetto di consenso della comunità scientifica considerare la composizione corporea intrinsecamente correlata alla carcinogenesi, soprattutto nel contesto di tumori del tratto gastro-instestinale. In particolare il tessuto adiposo viscerale si configura come fattore di rischio indipendente per lo sviluppo tumorale, al contrario un aumento della quantità e qualità della massa muscolare assume un ruolo protettivo. La carcinogenesi a sua volta impatta negativamente sulla composizione corporea portando a condizioni quali la sarcopenia, indicatore del comportamento biologico aggressivo della massa tumorale e dello stato di deterioramento dell’organismo. Tra composizione corporea e carcinogenesi sussiste dunque un rapporto di causalità reciproca. SCOPO DELLO STUDIO Il presente studio si propone di dimostrare come una composizione corporea qualitativamente superiore possa determinare un miglioramento nella sopravvivenza dei pazienti affetti da tumore del colon-retto, data l’interdipendenza dei due elementi in esame. MATERIALI E METODI Sono stati raccolti i dati clinici, tra cui dati antropometrici e anamnestici, di 202 pazienti affetti da tumore del colon-retto operati elettivamente tra il 2015 e il 2021. Di questi è stata valuatata la composizione corporea mediante analisi di una singola slice a livello della 3° vertebra lombare (L3) della TAC addominale eseguita per stadiazione prima dell’intervento chirurgico. Grazie alla possibilità di impostare soglie di unità di Hounsfield (HU) per i vari tessuti è stato possibile selezionare il tessuto adiposo ed indagarne la distribuzione addominale e intramuscolare a livello dei muscoli erettore della colonna e psoas; inoltre, sempre sfruttando la misurazione in HU, è stato possibile valutare la densità radiologica dei medesimi muscoli. RISULTATI Al netto dell’analisi, ad eccezione dello stadio di malattia, l’unica variabile che si è dimostrata impattante sulla sopravvivenza, ai limiti della significatività, è la qualità muscolare. L’infiltrazone adiposa del muscolo erettore della colonna e, anche se in misura minore, del muscolo psoas sono risultate fattori di rischio indipedenti per la mortalità; al contrario una maggiore densità radiologica, la quale correla negativamente con l’infiltrazione adiposa, si configura come fattore protettivo. Sebbene l’infiltrazione adiposa sia direttamente correlata con l’adiposità, le misure relative alla distribuzione addominale del tessuto adiposo non sono risultate rilevanti. Gli indici antropometrici comunemente utilizzati per stimare clinicamente la composizione corporea si sono rivelati inefficaci nel descrivere i dati derivati dall’analisi radiologica e non hanno dimostrato impatto sulla mortalità. CONCLUSIONI Nel contesto della valutazione della composizione corporea il parametro che meglio si configura come fattore predittivo per la sopravvvenza dei pazienti operati di tumore del colon-retto è la qualità muscolare in termini di infiltrazione adiposa e, secondariamente, di densità radiologica. La valutazione di queste variabili se effettuata sulle immagini radiologiche pre-operatorie dei pazienti risulterebbe a costo zero e permetterebbe una migliore stratificazione prognostica e, di conseguenza, un miglior approccio terapeutico personalizzato.
La Composizione Corporea Addominale valutata mediante Tomografia Assiale Computerizzata come Ausilio Prognostico nei Pazienti affetti da Tumore del Colon-Retto
MONDAINI, SILVIA
2025/2026
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now widely accepted within the scientific community that body composition is intrinsically related to carcinogenesis, particularly in the context of gastrointestinal tract tumors. Specifically, visceral adipose tissue represents an independent risk factor for tumor development, whereas an increase in both the quantity and quality of muscle mass plays a protective role. Carcinogenesis, in turn, negatively affects body composition, leading to conditions such as sarcopenia, a marker of the aggressive biological behavior of the tumor and of the overall deterioration of the organism. A relationship of reciprocal causality therefore exists between body composition and carcinogenesis. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aims to demonstrate how a qualitatively superior body composition may lead to improved survival in patients with colorectal cancer, given the interdependence of the two factors under examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical data, including anthropometric and medical history data, were collected for 202 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent elective surgery between 2015 and 2021. Body composition was assessed through the analysis of a single slice at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) on the abdominal CT scan performed for preoperative staging. By setting Hounsfield Unit (HU) thresholds for the various tissues, it was possible to isolate adipose tissue and investigate both its abdominal and intramuscular distribution at the level of the erector spinae and psoas muscles; furthermore, again exploiting HU measurement, the radiological density of these same muscles was assessed. RESULTS Overall, with the exception of disease stage, the only variable that proved to affect survival, at the limits of statistical significance, was muscle quality. Adipose infiltration of the erector spinae muscle and, to a lesser extent, of the psoas muscle were found to be independent risk factors for mortality; conversely, a higher radiological density, which is negatively correlated with adipose infiltration, was found to be a protective factor. Although adipose infiltration is directly correlated with adiposity, the measures relating to the abdominal distribution of adipose tissue were not found to be relevant. The anthropometric indices commonly used to clinically estimate body composition proved ineffective in describing the data derived from radiological analysis and showed no impact on mortality. CONCLUSIONS In the context of body composition assessment, the parameter that best serves as a predictive factor for the survival of patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer is muscle quality, in terms of adipose infiltration and, secondarily, radiological density. The assessment of these variables, if performed on patients’ preoperative radiological images, would entail no additional cost and would allow for better prognostic stratification and, consequently, a more personalized therapeutic approach.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109200