Background: ischemic heart disease represents the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Within its pathological spectrum, acute coronary syndromes lead to myocardial damage, which can result in various types of complications. Specifically, electrical complications—comprising supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias—significantly influence both in-hospital and long-term patient prognosis. In recent years, scientific research has begun to explore the link between autoimmunity, inflammation, and arrhythmogenesis, identifying certain classes of antibodies potentially involved in the mechanisms of ion channel dysfunction and myocardial remodeling. Anti-AT1R and anti-ETAR autoantibodies are defined as functional antibodies due to their ability to bind angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) and endothelin type A receptors (ETAR) in a manner analogous to natural ligands, thereby modulating their function. They induce vasoconstriction and stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and collagen. Their role is well-established in various pathological contexts, including preeclampsia, systemic sclerosis, and acute transplant rejection. These antibodies could represent a risk factor for the onset of electrical instability events following an acute myocardial infarction. Aim of the study: to investigate the association between serum levels of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs and the risk of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), in order to evaluate their potential value as predictive factors for arrhythmic events. Materials and methods: the study enrolled 196 patients (mean age 61.21 ± 11.15 years; 81,1% males) admitted to the Cardiology Clinic (AOPD) with a diagnosis of STEMI. Anamnestic, anthropological, and laboratory data were collected; specifically, serum levels of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs were quantified using the ELISA method. The threshold for seropositivity was set at 10 U/mL. Patients underwent continuous telemetry monitoring to evaluate myocardial electrical activity and the potential onset of arrhythmic phenomena. Statistical analysis assessed the association between antibody status and the development of tachyarrhythmias, employing multivariate logistic regression models to test the independence of this association. Results: the prevalence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter) was higher in patients positive for ETAR-AAs (14.9% vs. 7.3%) and AT1R-AAs (16.4% vs. 8.1%); ETAR-AA titers were significantly higher in patients who experienced these episodes compared to those who maintained sinus rhythm experienced these episodes compared to those who maintained sinus rhythm (p value=0,05). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, simultaneous dual seropositivity for ETAR-AAs and AT1R-AAs emerged as the strongest predictor of arrhythmia (OR=3.31, p value=0,049). Regarding complex ventricular arrhythmias, the prevalence was higher in patients positive for ETAR-AAs (82.8% vs. 74.3%) and AT1R-AAs (88.5% vs. 73.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed simultaneous dual seropositivity for ETAR-AAs and AT1R-AAs as an independent predictor of ventricular instability (OR=2.81, p value=0,036). Conclusion: the obtained results support the pathophysiological hypothesis that autoimmunity plays an active role in post-infarction arrhythmogenesis. Autoantibody-induced activation of AT1 and ET(A) receptors may trigger direct electrophysiological alterations in cardiomyocytes and promote the formation of fibrotic substrates that increase the probability of arrhythmic events. The findings of this study suggest that the assessment of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs could serve as an innovative and valuable biomarker for risk stratification of arrhythmic complications in post-infarction patients, paving the way for potential targeted therapeutic strategies.
Introduzione: la cardiopatia ischemica si configura come la principale causa di morbilità e mortalità cardiovascolare. All’interno del suo spettro patologico si distinguono le sindromi coronariche acute, le quali comportano un danno miocardico a cui possono conseguire diverse tipologie di complicanze. In particolare, le complicanze elettriche condizionano notevolmente la prognosi intraospedaliera e a lungo termine dei pazienti. Negli ultimi anni, la ricerca scientifica ha iniziato ad esplorare il legame tra autoimmunità, infiammazione e aritmogenesi. Gli autoanticorpi anti-AT1R e anti-ETAR sono definiti anticorpi funzionali per via della loro capacità di legare i recettori di tipo 1 dell’angiotensina II (AT1R) e di tipo A dell’endotelina (ETAR) in modo analogo ai ligandi naturali, modulandone la funzione. Essi determinano fenomeni di vasocostrizione e stimolano la produzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie e di collagene. È comprovato il loro ruolo in vari contesti patologici, tra cui la preeclampsia, la sclerosi sistemica ed il rigetto acuto in corso di trapianto. Scopo dello studio: indagare l’associazione tra i livelli sierici degli anticorpi anti-AT1R e anti-ETAR ed il rischio di aritmie sopraventricolari e ventricolari nei pazienti con infarto miocardico acuto di tipo STEMI, al fine di valutare il loro potenziale valore come fattori predittivi di eventi aritmici. Materiali e metodi: lo studio ha arruolato 196 pazienti (età media 61.21 ± 11.15 anni; 81.1% maschi) ricoverati presso la Clinica Cardiologica (AOPD) con diagnosi di infarto miocardico acuto di tipo STEMI. Sono stati raccolti di dati anamnestici, antropologici e laboratoristici; in particolare, sono dosati gli anticorpi anti-AT1R e anti-ETAR mediante metodica ELIS, con soglia di sieropositività è fissata a > 10 U/mL. I pazienti sono stati sottoposti a monitoraggio telemetrico continuo al fine di valutare l’attività elettrica miocardica e l’eventuale insorgenza di fenomeni aritmici. L’analisi statistica ha valutato l’associazione tra lo stato anticorpale e lo sviluppo di tachiaritmie, ricorrendo a modelli di regressione logistica multivariata per testare l’indipendenza di tale associazione. Risultati: la prevalenza di tachiaritmie sopraventricolari (fibrillazione e flutter atriale) è risultata più alta nei pazienti positivi per ETAR-AAs (14,9% vs. 7,3%) e per AT1R-AAs (16,4% vs. 8,1%); il titolo di ETAR-AAs era significativamente superiore nei pazienti che hanno manifestato tali episodi rispetto a chi ha mantenuto il ritmo sinusale. All'analisi di regressione logistica multivariata, la doppia sieropositività simultanea per ETAR-AAs e AT1R-AAs è risultata il più forte predittore di aritmia (OR=3,31, p value=0,049). Per quanto riguarda le aritmie ventricolari complesse la prevalenza è risultata più alta nei pazienti positivi per ETAR-AAs (82,8% vs 74,3%) e per AT1R-AAs (88,5% vs 73,3%). L’analisi di regressione logistica multivariata ha confermato la doppia sieropositività simultanea per ETAR-AAs e AT1R-AAs come predittore indipendente di instabilità ventricolare (OR=2,81, p value=0,036). Conclusione: i risultati ottenuti supportano l'ipotesi fisiopatologica secondo cui l'autoimmunità svolge un ruolo attivo nell'aritmogenesi post-infartuale. L'attivazione dei recettori AT1 ed ET(A) indotta dagli autoanticorpi può indurre alterazioni elettrofisiologiche dirette sui cardiomiociti e favorire la formazione di substrati fibrotici che alimentano la probabilità di eventi aritmici. I risultati dello studio suggeriscono che il dosaggio di AT1R-AAs e ETAR-AAs possa configurarsi come un innovativo e valido biomarcatore per la stratificazione del rischio di complicanze aritmiche nel paziente post-infartuato, aprendo a nuove terapie.
Il ruolo degli anticorpi anti-recettore del tipo A dell'endotelina-1 e anti-recettore del tipo 1 dell'angiotensina II nello sviluppo di aritmie cardiache dopo l’infarto miocardico acuto
SARTORI, ALESSIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: ischemic heart disease represents the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Within its pathological spectrum, acute coronary syndromes lead to myocardial damage, which can result in various types of complications. Specifically, electrical complications—comprising supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias—significantly influence both in-hospital and long-term patient prognosis. In recent years, scientific research has begun to explore the link between autoimmunity, inflammation, and arrhythmogenesis, identifying certain classes of antibodies potentially involved in the mechanisms of ion channel dysfunction and myocardial remodeling. Anti-AT1R and anti-ETAR autoantibodies are defined as functional antibodies due to their ability to bind angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) and endothelin type A receptors (ETAR) in a manner analogous to natural ligands, thereby modulating their function. They induce vasoconstriction and stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and collagen. Their role is well-established in various pathological contexts, including preeclampsia, systemic sclerosis, and acute transplant rejection. These antibodies could represent a risk factor for the onset of electrical instability events following an acute myocardial infarction. Aim of the study: to investigate the association between serum levels of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs and the risk of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), in order to evaluate their potential value as predictive factors for arrhythmic events. Materials and methods: the study enrolled 196 patients (mean age 61.21 ± 11.15 years; 81,1% males) admitted to the Cardiology Clinic (AOPD) with a diagnosis of STEMI. Anamnestic, anthropological, and laboratory data were collected; specifically, serum levels of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs were quantified using the ELISA method. The threshold for seropositivity was set at 10 U/mL. Patients underwent continuous telemetry monitoring to evaluate myocardial electrical activity and the potential onset of arrhythmic phenomena. Statistical analysis assessed the association between antibody status and the development of tachyarrhythmias, employing multivariate logistic regression models to test the independence of this association. Results: the prevalence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter) was higher in patients positive for ETAR-AAs (14.9% vs. 7.3%) and AT1R-AAs (16.4% vs. 8.1%); ETAR-AA titers were significantly higher in patients who experienced these episodes compared to those who maintained sinus rhythm experienced these episodes compared to those who maintained sinus rhythm (p value=0,05). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, simultaneous dual seropositivity for ETAR-AAs and AT1R-AAs emerged as the strongest predictor of arrhythmia (OR=3.31, p value=0,049). Regarding complex ventricular arrhythmias, the prevalence was higher in patients positive for ETAR-AAs (82.8% vs. 74.3%) and AT1R-AAs (88.5% vs. 73.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed simultaneous dual seropositivity for ETAR-AAs and AT1R-AAs as an independent predictor of ventricular instability (OR=2.81, p value=0,036). Conclusion: the obtained results support the pathophysiological hypothesis that autoimmunity plays an active role in post-infarction arrhythmogenesis. Autoantibody-induced activation of AT1 and ET(A) receptors may trigger direct electrophysiological alterations in cardiomyocytes and promote the formation of fibrotic substrates that increase the probability of arrhythmic events. The findings of this study suggest that the assessment of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs could serve as an innovative and valuable biomarker for risk stratification of arrhythmic complications in post-infarction patients, paving the way for potential targeted therapeutic strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109266