Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and across Europe. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a causal role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. With the progressive aging of the population, the implementation of advanced lipid-lowering therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk in older patients has become a clinical priority. Aim: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors (the monoclonal antibodies Alirocumab and Evolocumab, and the small interfering RNA agent Inclisiran) through the analysis of a patient cohort stratified into two age groups: younger than 65 years and 65 years and older. Materials and Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study involving 213 patients attending the Lipid Disorders Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine 1, Padua University Hospital. The overall study population was divided into 114 patients (53.5%) aged <65 years and 99 patients (46.5%) aged ≥65 years. For each patient, medical history, lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides), liver function markers (AST, ALT), and muscle injury marker (CPK) were collected at baseline and during three follow-up (FU) visits after the initiation of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy: 6, 12, and 18 months for the monoclonal antibodies, and 3, 9, and 15 months for Inclisiran. Results: The introduction of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy resulted in a marked and statistically significant reduction in LDL-C levels of approximately 60% in both the overall population and the two age groups, with approximately 60% of patients achieving the guideline-recommended LDL-C target of <55 mg/dL. Similarly, non-HDL cholesterol, which reflects the total burden of atherogenic lipoproteins, decreased by approximately 50% in both the overall population and the two age groups. Plasma triglyceride levels were also reduced in both the overall population and across the two age groups. Regarding tolerability, serum liver enzyme levels (AST and ALT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) did not show clinically significant changes, confirming the 6 favorable safety profile of PCSK9 inhibitors, specifically in patients aged 65 years and older. Conclusions: The addition of PCSK9 inhibitors to oral lipid-lowering therapy was confirmed to be a highly effective and safe strategy in both patients younger than 65 years and those aged 65 years and older. Comparative analysis demonstrated that LDL-C and non-HDL-C were substantially and consistently reduced throughout all follow-up visits in both age groups, allowing approximately 60% of patients to achieve the guideline-recommended LDL-C therapeutic target. The use of PCSK9 inhibitors was associated with an excellent hepatic and muscular safety profile regardless of patient age.
Presupposti dello studio: Le patologie cardiovascolari rappresentano la principale causa di mortalità a livello globale ed europeo. Il colesterolo LDL ha un ruolo causale nello sviluppo della malattia cardiovascolare aterosclerotica. Con il progressivo invecchiamento della popolazione, l'implementazione di terapie ipolipemizzanti avanzate per la riduzione del rischio cardiovascolare in pazienti anziani rappresenta una priorità clinica. Scopo: Lo studio ha come obiettivo primario la valutazione dell'efficacia e della sicurezza degli inibitori di PCSK9 (anticorpi monoclonali Alirocumab ed Evolocumab, e silenziatore dell'RNA Inclisiran) attraverso un'analisi di una coorte di pazienti suddivisa per fasce di età: inferiore a 65 anni e uguale o superiore a 65 anni. Materiali e metodi: Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale, retrospettivo e monocentrico che ha coinvolto 213 pazienti afferenti all'ambulatorio per lo studio e la cura delle dislipidemie della Clinica Medica 1 dell'Azienda Ospedaliera/ Università di Padova. Il campione globale è stato suddiviso in 114 pazienti (53,5%) con età < 65 anni e 99 pazienti (46,5%) con età ≥ 65 anni. Di ciascun paziente sono stati raccolti dati anamnestici, parametri biochimici lipidici (colesterolo totale, LDL, non-HDL, HDL, trigliceridi), marcatori di danno epatico (AST, ALT) e muscolare (CPK) al basale e nel corso di tre follow-up (FU) successivi all’introduzione della terapia con inibitori di PCSK9: 6, 12, 18 mesi per gli anticorpi monoclonali, 3, 9 e 15 mesi per Inclisiran. Risultati: L'introduzione della terapia con inibitori di PCSK9 ha determinato una riduzione marcata e statisticamente significativa del colesterolo LDL di circa il 60% sia nella popolazione globalmente considerata che nelle due fasce di età, con raggiungimento del target dalle linee guida nel 60% dei pazienti, che hanno raggiunto un valore di colesterolo LDL <55mg/dl. Analogamente, il colesterolo non-HDL, espressione di tutte le lipoproteine aterogene, si è ridotto di circa il 50%, sia nella popolazione globalmente considerata che nelle due fasce di età. 4 I livelli plasmatici dei trigliceridi sono risultati ridotti sia nella popolazione globalmente considerata che nelle due fasce di età. Dal punto di vista della tollerabilità, i livelli sierici degli enzimi epatici (AST, ALT) e della creatinfosfochinasi (CPK) non hanno mostrato alterazioni clinicamente significative, confermando l’elevato profilo di sicurezza anche nella fascia di età superiore o uguale a 65 anni. Conclusioni: L'introduzione di inibitori di PCSK9 in associazione a terapia ipolipemizzante orale si conferma una strategia altamente efficace e sicura sia nella popolazione con età inferiore a 65 anni che nella popolazione con età superiore o uguale a 65 anni. L'analisi comparativa sottolinea come il colesterolo LDL, il colesterolo non-HDL si riducano in maniera rilevante e sostanzialmente sovrapponibile in tutti i follow-up in entrambe le fasce di età, permettendo il raggiungimento dell’obiettivo terapeutico relativo al Colesterolo LDL indicato dalle linee guida in circa il 60% dei pazienti. L’utilizzo degli inibitori di PCSK9 risulta associato ad un profilo di sicurezza epatica e muscolare ottimale indipendentemente dall’età.
Inibitori di PCSK9: Efficacia e sicurezza in una coorte padovana di pazienti suddivisa per fasce di età
FESTINI BATTIFERRO, RICCARDO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and across Europe. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a causal role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. With the progressive aging of the population, the implementation of advanced lipid-lowering therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk in older patients has become a clinical priority. Aim: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors (the monoclonal antibodies Alirocumab and Evolocumab, and the small interfering RNA agent Inclisiran) through the analysis of a patient cohort stratified into two age groups: younger than 65 years and 65 years and older. Materials and Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study involving 213 patients attending the Lipid Disorders Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine 1, Padua University Hospital. The overall study population was divided into 114 patients (53.5%) aged <65 years and 99 patients (46.5%) aged ≥65 years. For each patient, medical history, lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides), liver function markers (AST, ALT), and muscle injury marker (CPK) were collected at baseline and during three follow-up (FU) visits after the initiation of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy: 6, 12, and 18 months for the monoclonal antibodies, and 3, 9, and 15 months for Inclisiran. Results: The introduction of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy resulted in a marked and statistically significant reduction in LDL-C levels of approximately 60% in both the overall population and the two age groups, with approximately 60% of patients achieving the guideline-recommended LDL-C target of <55 mg/dL. Similarly, non-HDL cholesterol, which reflects the total burden of atherogenic lipoproteins, decreased by approximately 50% in both the overall population and the two age groups. Plasma triglyceride levels were also reduced in both the overall population and across the two age groups. Regarding tolerability, serum liver enzyme levels (AST and ALT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) did not show clinically significant changes, confirming the 6 favorable safety profile of PCSK9 inhibitors, specifically in patients aged 65 years and older. Conclusions: The addition of PCSK9 inhibitors to oral lipid-lowering therapy was confirmed to be a highly effective and safe strategy in both patients younger than 65 years and those aged 65 years and older. Comparative analysis demonstrated that LDL-C and non-HDL-C were substantially and consistently reduced throughout all follow-up visits in both age groups, allowing approximately 60% of patients to achieve the guideline-recommended LDL-C therapeutic target. The use of PCSK9 inhibitors was associated with an excellent hepatic and muscular safety profile regardless of patient age.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109358