Introduction. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide; in Europe it is responsible for 37% of mortality in women and 31% in men. Elevated cholesterol levels (LDL-C) are the main risk factor for ASCVD and a fundamental therapeutic target for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) help to significantly reduce LDL-C, representing a highly effective therapy in patients at high and very high cardiovascular risk. However, analyses of sex differences from real-world studies remain limited. Aim. To compare the baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients started on PCSK9i therapy, stratified by sex, and to assess the efficacy and safety of this treatment. Materials and methods. Single-centre retrospective study conducted at the dyslipidaemia outpatient clinic of the Padua University Hospital (Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova). Patients aged ≥18 years started on treatment with evolocumab, alirocumab or inclisiran were included. For each patient, clinical and medical history data, cardiovascular risk data and the lipid profile were collected through review of medical records at baseline, prior to the start of therapy, and at subsequent follow-up visits at the time of renewal of the therapeutic plan, over a median period of 18 months. Adverse events related to PCSK9i treatment and, as an exploratory aim, MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) occurring after the start of therapy were also recorded. Results. A total of 213 patients were included (134 men; 79 women), with a mean age of 62,5 ± 10,2 years. The analysis of the main cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, familial hypercholesterolaemia) did not reveal statistically significant differences between sexes. However, women, who were in an already established menopausal condition in nearly all cases (97.5%), had significantly higher baseline LDL-C levels (144,8 ± 56,1 vs 116,9 ± 41,9; p < 0.001). Men, on the other hand, showed a greater burden of established ASCVD (88,8% vs 69,6%; p = 0,001), with a more frequent history of previous myocardial infarction (56,7% vs 35,4%; p = 0,004) and of coronary revascularisation (51,5% vs 20,3%; p < 0,001). PCSK9i therapy resulted in a marked and sustained reduction in LDL-C compared with baseline, of significantly different magnitude between sexes over the observation period: at 18 months men reached a mean LDL-C concentration of 44.9 mg/dL (−61,6%) and women of 64,2 mg/dL (−55,6%; p < 0,005). Men reached the therapeutic target of LDL-C < 55 mg/dL in a significantly greater proportion (70,1% vs 51,8%; p = 0,027). The therapy was well tolerated: the most frequent adverse event was myalgia (n=13; 6,1%); no new cases of diabetes, haemorrhagic stroke or neurocognitive disorders were recorded, nor any treatment discontinuations. During the study period, 9 cardiovascular events were observed in men and only 2 in women, a difference that was not statistically significant, to be interpreted with caution given the limited sample size. Conclusions. Women show a smaller reduction in LDL-C levels and a correspondingly lower rate of attainment of the recommended therapeutic targets. This exploratory analysis does not appear to imply a failure of PCSK9i therapy in women, but rather a more unfavourable baseline lipid profile that might benefit from a more careful assessment of the treatment response and from therapeutic pathways that take sex differences into account.
Introduzione. La malattia aterosclerotica cardiovascolare (ASCVD) rappresenta la principale causa di morbilità e mortalità a livello mondiale; in Europa è responsabile del 37% della mortalità nel sesso femminile e del 31% in quello maschile. Elevati livelli di colesterolo (LDL-C) sono il principale fattore di rischio per ASCVD e obiettivo terapeutico fondamentale per la prevenzione degli eventi cardiovascolari. Gli inibitori della proproteina convertasi subtilisina/kexina di tipo 9 (PCSK9i) contribuiscono a ridurre in maniera significativa l’LDL-C, rappresentando una terapia di alta efficacia nei pazienti a rischio cardiovascolare alto e molto alto. Tuttavia, le analisi sulle differenze di genere provenienti da studi real-world rimangono ancora limitate. Scopo. Confrontare le caratteristiche cliniche e biochimiche basali dei pazienti avviati a terapia con PCSK9i, stratificate per sesso, e valutare l’efficacia e la sicurezza di tale trattamento. Materiali e metodi. Studio retrospettivo monocentrico condotto nell'ambulatorio per dislipidemie dell'Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova. Sono stati inclusi pazienti di età ≥18 anni avviati al trattamento con evolocumab, alirocumab o inclisiran. Per ciascun paziente sono stati raccolti, mediante revisione delle cartelle cliniche, i dati clinico-anamnestici, di rischio cardiovascolare e l’assetto lipidico al basale, antecedente l’avvio della terapia, e ai successivi controlli di follow-up in corrispondenza del rinnovo del piano terapeutico per un periodo di osservazione di 18 mesi. Sono stati inoltre registrati gli eventi avversi correlati al trattamento con PCSK9i e, a scopo esplorativo, i MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) occorsi dopo l'avvio della terapia. Risultati. Sono stati inclusi 213 pazienti (134 maschi; 79 femmine), con età media di 62,5 ± 10,2 anni. L'analisi dei principali fattori di rischio cardiovascolare e delle comorbidità (fumo, ipertensione, diabete, ipercolesterolemia familiare) non ha evidenziato differenze statisticamente significative tra i sessi. Tuttavia, le donne, che si trovavano in una condizione di menopausa già instaurata nella quasi totalità dei casi (97,5%), presentavano valori basali significativamente più elevati di LDL-C (144,8 ± 56,1 vs 116,9 ± 41,9; p < 0,001). I maschi, d'altra parte, mostravano un maggior burden di ASCVD accertata (88,8% vs 69,6%; p = 0,001), con una più frequente storia di pregresso infarto miocardico (56,7% vs 35,4%; p = 0,004) e di rivascolarizzazione coronarica (51,5% vs 20,3%; p < 0,001). La terapia con PCSK9i ha determinato una riduzione marcata e duratura dell'LDL-C rispetto al basale, di entità significativamente diversa tra i sessi nel periodo di osservazione: a 18 mesi i maschi hanno raggiunto una concentrazione media di LDL-C pari a 44,9 mg/dL (−61,6%) e le femmine pari a 64,2 mg/dL (−55,6%; p < 0,005). I maschi hanno raggiunto l'obiettivo terapeutico di LDL-C < 55 mg/dL in proporzione significativamente maggiore (70,1% vs 51,8%; p = 0,027). La terapia è risultata ben tollerata: l'evento avverso più frequente è stato rappresentato dalle mialgie (n=13; 6,1%); non si sono registrati nuovi casi di diabete, ictus emorragico o disturbi neurocognitivi, né interruzioni del trattamento. Nel periodo di studio sono stati osservati 9 eventi cardiovascolari nei maschi e soltanto 2 nelle femmine, differenza non statisticamente significativa, da interpretare con cautela data la limitata numerosità campionaria. Conclusioni Le femmine mostrano una minore riduzione dei livelli di LDL-C e un corrispondente minor tasso di raggiungimento degli obiettivi terapeutici raccomandati. Tale analisi esplorativa non sembra implicare un fallimento della terapia con PCSK9i nel genere femminile, quanto un assetto lipidico basale più sfavorevole che potrebbe beneficiare di una valutazione più attenta della risposta al trattamento e di percorsi terapeutici che considerino le differenze di genere.
Differenze di genere nella risposta alla terapia con inibitori di PCSK9: analisi real-world di una coorte monocentrica padovana
MASTROMARINO, LUCREZIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide; in Europe it is responsible for 37% of mortality in women and 31% in men. Elevated cholesterol levels (LDL-C) are the main risk factor for ASCVD and a fundamental therapeutic target for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) help to significantly reduce LDL-C, representing a highly effective therapy in patients at high and very high cardiovascular risk. However, analyses of sex differences from real-world studies remain limited. Aim. To compare the baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients started on PCSK9i therapy, stratified by sex, and to assess the efficacy and safety of this treatment. Materials and methods. Single-centre retrospective study conducted at the dyslipidaemia outpatient clinic of the Padua University Hospital (Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova). Patients aged ≥18 years started on treatment with evolocumab, alirocumab or inclisiran were included. For each patient, clinical and medical history data, cardiovascular risk data and the lipid profile were collected through review of medical records at baseline, prior to the start of therapy, and at subsequent follow-up visits at the time of renewal of the therapeutic plan, over a median period of 18 months. Adverse events related to PCSK9i treatment and, as an exploratory aim, MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) occurring after the start of therapy were also recorded. Results. A total of 213 patients were included (134 men; 79 women), with a mean age of 62,5 ± 10,2 years. The analysis of the main cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, familial hypercholesterolaemia) did not reveal statistically significant differences between sexes. However, women, who were in an already established menopausal condition in nearly all cases (97.5%), had significantly higher baseline LDL-C levels (144,8 ± 56,1 vs 116,9 ± 41,9; p < 0.001). Men, on the other hand, showed a greater burden of established ASCVD (88,8% vs 69,6%; p = 0,001), with a more frequent history of previous myocardial infarction (56,7% vs 35,4%; p = 0,004) and of coronary revascularisation (51,5% vs 20,3%; p < 0,001). PCSK9i therapy resulted in a marked and sustained reduction in LDL-C compared with baseline, of significantly different magnitude between sexes over the observation period: at 18 months men reached a mean LDL-C concentration of 44.9 mg/dL (−61,6%) and women of 64,2 mg/dL (−55,6%; p < 0,005). Men reached the therapeutic target of LDL-C < 55 mg/dL in a significantly greater proportion (70,1% vs 51,8%; p = 0,027). The therapy was well tolerated: the most frequent adverse event was myalgia (n=13; 6,1%); no new cases of diabetes, haemorrhagic stroke or neurocognitive disorders were recorded, nor any treatment discontinuations. During the study period, 9 cardiovascular events were observed in men and only 2 in women, a difference that was not statistically significant, to be interpreted with caution given the limited sample size. Conclusions. Women show a smaller reduction in LDL-C levels and a correspondingly lower rate of attainment of the recommended therapeutic targets. This exploratory analysis does not appear to imply a failure of PCSK9i therapy in women, but rather a more unfavourable baseline lipid profile that might benefit from a more careful assessment of the treatment response and from therapeutic pathways that take sex differences into account.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109360