Background. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetically determined disease associated with a high risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, particularly in young individuals. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) represent the most effective therapy for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. However, device- and lead-related complications remain one of the major limitations of transvenous ICD (TV-ICD) systems. Owing to its extravascular configuration, the subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) represents an effective alternative, reducing the risk of such complications in patients who do not require anti-bradycardia pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy. Aims. This stufy aimed to compare the long-term efficacy and safety of TV-ICD and S-ICD systems by evaluating the incidence of appropriate shocks, inappropriate shocks, and device-related complications. Methods. We conducted a retrospective single-centre analysis of a historical cohort of 95 patients with ACM followed at the University Hospital of Padua. Fifty-one patients underwent TV-ICD implantation and 44 received an S-ICD. (Among TV-ICD recipients, 31 (60.8%) were male, while 30 (68.2%) in the S-ICD group. Median age at implantation was 49 years [30–58] in the TV-ICD group and 28 years [24–44] in the S-ICD group; left ventricular ejection fraction was 56% [50–60] and 55% [50–58], respectively) The primary endpoints included the incidence of appropriate shocks, inappropriate shocks, device-related complications, and a composite endpoint of inappropriate shocks and device-related complications. Results. Over a median follow-up of 5.2 years [interquartile range 2.6–8.1], 20 patients received appropriate shocks: 10/44 (22.7%) in the S-ICD group and 10/51 (19.6%) in the TV-ICD group. Kaplan–Meier estimates showed no significant difference between groups. In the TV-ICD cohort, effective antitachycardia pacing (ATP) was delivered in 10 patients (19.6%); however, no patient with an S-ICD required conversion to a TV-ICD system because of ATP indication. Inappropriate shocks occurred in 9 patients, including 5/44 in the S-ICD group and 4/51 in the TV-ICD group, with no significant difference between groups (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.16–2.28; P=0.466). Similarly, the cumulative incidence of the composite endpoint of inappropriate shocks and device-related complications was comparable between groups (log-rank P=0.340). Device-related complications occurred exclusively in TV-ICD recipients (7/51 vs. 0/44), resulting in a significantly higher cumulative incidence compared with S-ICD recipients (log-rank P=0.039). Moreover, worsening tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was observed exclusively in the TV-ICD group (6/51 vs. 0/44) and was associated with subsequent heart transplantation. All patients who developed severe TR underwent heart transplantation. Conclusions. In patients with ACM, the S-ICD represents a safe and effective alternative to the TV-ICD. The subcutaneous device provides comparable protection against sudden cardiac death while being associated with a significantly lower incidence of device-related complications.
Introduzione. La cardiomiopatia aritmogena (ACM) è una malattia geneticamente determinata associata a un elevato rischio di aritmie ventricolari maligne e morte cardiaca improvvisa, soprattutto nei soggetti giovani. Il defibrillatore cardiaco impiantabile (ICD) rappresenta il trattamento più efficace per la prevenzione della morte cardiaca improvvisa. Tuttavia, le complicanze al dispositivo ed agli elettrocateteri costituiscono uno dei principali limiti del sistema transvenoso (TV-ICD). Il defibrillatore sottocutaneo (S-ICD), grazie alla sua configurazione extravascolare, rappresenta un’alternativa efficace, consentendo di ridurre il rischio di tali complicanze nei pazienti che non necessitano di terapia antibradicardica o di resincronizzazione. Scopi dello studio. Lo studio si prefigge l’obiettivo di confrontare efficacia e sicurezza a lungo termine del TV-ICD e dell’S-ICD, valutando l’incidenza di shock appropriati, shock inappropriati e complicanze correlate al dispositivo. Materiali e metodi. È stata condotta un’analisi retrospettiva monocentrica di una coorte storica di 95 pazienti affetti da cardiomiopatia aritmogena seguiti presso l’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova (Tra i pazienti con TV-ICD, 31 (60.8%) erano maschi, mentre 30 (68.2%) tra coloro con S-ICD; l’età media era 49 [30-58] per i portatori di TV-ICD e 28 [24-44] per coloro con S-ICD; la FE del ventricolo sinistro era del 56% [50-60] per i TV-ICD e del 55% [50-88] per gli S-ICD]) . Cinquantuno pazienti sono stati sottoposti a impianto di TV-ICD e 44 a impianto di S-ICD. Gli endpoint principali comprendevano l’incidenza di shock appropriati, l’incidenza di shock inappropriati, quella delle complicanze device-related ed un endpoint composito costituito da shock inappropriati e complicanze correlate al dispositivo. Risultati. Il follow-up mediano è stato di 5.2 anni [range interquartile 2.6–8.1]. Durante tale periodo, 20 pazienti hanno ricevuto shock appropriati: 10/44 (22.7%) nel gruppo S-ICD e 10/51 (19.6%) nel gruppo TV-ICD; le stime di Kaplan–Meier non hanno dimostrato differenze statisticamente significative. Nei pazienti portatori di TV-ICD, è stata erogata terapia di ATP efficace in 10 soggetti (19.6%); tuttavia, in nessun paziente portatore di S-ICD è stata necessaria la conversione a TV-ICD per necessità di ATP. Gli shock inappropriati si sono verificati in 9 pazienti: 5/44 nel gruppo S-ICD e 4/51 nel gruppo TV-ICD, senza differenze significative tra i gruppi (HR 0.61; IC 95% 0.16–2.28; P=0.466). Analogamente, l’incidenza dell’endpoint composito costituito da shock inappropriati e complicanze correlate al dispositivo è risultata sovrapponibile tra i due gruppi (log-rank P=0.340). Le complicanze correlate al dispositivo si sono verificate esclusivamente nei pazienti portatori di TV-ICD (7/51 vs 0/44), con un’incidenza significativamente maggiore rispetto ai portatori di S-ICD (log-rank P=0.039). Inoltre, il peggioramento dell’insufficienza tricuspidalica (IT) è stato osservato esclusivamente nei pazienti con TV-ICD (0/44 vs 6/51), ed è stato associato al successivo trapianto cardiaco. Tutti i pazienti con IT, infatti, hanno ricevuto un trapianto cardiaco (3/3, 100%). Conclusioni. Nei pazienti con cardiomiopatia aritmogena, l’S-ICD rappresenta un’alternativa sicura ed efficace al TV-ICD. Il dispositivo sottocutaneo garantisce una protezione sovrapponibile dalla morte cardiaca improvvisa, ma con un’incidenza significativamente inferiore di complicanze correlate al dispositivo.
IL DEFIBRILLATORE TRANSVENOSO E SOTTOCUTANEO A CONFRONTO NELLA CARDIOMIOPATIA ARITMOGENA: DATI A LUNGO TERMINE DA UN’ESPERIENZA MONOCENTRICA
AZZOLIN, VERONICA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetically determined disease associated with a high risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, particularly in young individuals. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) represent the most effective therapy for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. However, device- and lead-related complications remain one of the major limitations of transvenous ICD (TV-ICD) systems. Owing to its extravascular configuration, the subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) represents an effective alternative, reducing the risk of such complications in patients who do not require anti-bradycardia pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy. Aims. This stufy aimed to compare the long-term efficacy and safety of TV-ICD and S-ICD systems by evaluating the incidence of appropriate shocks, inappropriate shocks, and device-related complications. Methods. We conducted a retrospective single-centre analysis of a historical cohort of 95 patients with ACM followed at the University Hospital of Padua. Fifty-one patients underwent TV-ICD implantation and 44 received an S-ICD. (Among TV-ICD recipients, 31 (60.8%) were male, while 30 (68.2%) in the S-ICD group. Median age at implantation was 49 years [30–58] in the TV-ICD group and 28 years [24–44] in the S-ICD group; left ventricular ejection fraction was 56% [50–60] and 55% [50–58], respectively) The primary endpoints included the incidence of appropriate shocks, inappropriate shocks, device-related complications, and a composite endpoint of inappropriate shocks and device-related complications. Results. Over a median follow-up of 5.2 years [interquartile range 2.6–8.1], 20 patients received appropriate shocks: 10/44 (22.7%) in the S-ICD group and 10/51 (19.6%) in the TV-ICD group. Kaplan–Meier estimates showed no significant difference between groups. In the TV-ICD cohort, effective antitachycardia pacing (ATP) was delivered in 10 patients (19.6%); however, no patient with an S-ICD required conversion to a TV-ICD system because of ATP indication. Inappropriate shocks occurred in 9 patients, including 5/44 in the S-ICD group and 4/51 in the TV-ICD group, with no significant difference between groups (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.16–2.28; P=0.466). Similarly, the cumulative incidence of the composite endpoint of inappropriate shocks and device-related complications was comparable between groups (log-rank P=0.340). Device-related complications occurred exclusively in TV-ICD recipients (7/51 vs. 0/44), resulting in a significantly higher cumulative incidence compared with S-ICD recipients (log-rank P=0.039). Moreover, worsening tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was observed exclusively in the TV-ICD group (6/51 vs. 0/44) and was associated with subsequent heart transplantation. All patients who developed severe TR underwent heart transplantation. Conclusions. In patients with ACM, the S-ICD represents a safe and effective alternative to the TV-ICD. The subcutaneous device provides comparable protection against sudden cardiac death while being associated with a significantly lower incidence of device-related complications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109419