Background and Aims: Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) is associated with a high risk of recurrent ischemic stroke. The detection of Atrial High-Rate Episodes (AHRE) through continuous cardiac monitoring systems is a known marker of thromboembolic risk, although its actual pathogenetic and long-term prognostic impact remains a matter of scientific debate. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to analyze the clinical impact of AHREs, detected by Implantable Loop Recorders (ILR), in a cohort of patients with previous ESUS, evaluating their impact on the development of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and on long-term clinical, functional, and neuroradiological outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 164 patients hospitalized for ESUS who underwent ILR implantation between 2018 and 2023. Neurological and cardiological follow-ups were performed at 90 days, 180 days, and 2 years from the index event. The secondary outcomes investigated included recurrent ischemic stroke, all-cause mortality, the occurrence of major non-cerebrovascular adverse cardiac events (non-stroke MACE), and the degree of functional disability measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Furthermore, in a subgroup of 75 patients without symptomatic cerebrovascular recurrences, an exploratory analysis was performed using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at 2 years to identify the development of Silent Brain Infarctions (SBI). Predictive variables were evaluated using survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier), Cox regression models, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Over a median follow-up of 1323 days, AHRE episodes were diagnosed in 24.4% of the patients (n=40). The overall detection rate of AF reached 31.7%. The presence of AHRE proved to be an independent risk predictor for the subsequent diagnosis of AF (aHR 1.87, p = 0.049), with the duration (burden) of the arrhythmic episode emerging as the only independent predictor of conversion in the multivariate analysis. At two years, the overall clinical ischemic recurrence rate was 14.2%. Specifically, the AHRE+ subgroup showed a significantly higher risk of late recurrence compared to controls (aOR 3.83, p = 0.05), with cumulative incidence curves characterized by a clear divergence 2 years after the index event. No statistically significant differences were observed regarding mortality, non-stroke MACE, or overall functional outcome, as assessed by a shift analysis of the mRS score distribution. However, the neuroradiological analysis revealed a peculiar finding: AHRE positivity acted as a strong independent predictor for the development of new silent brain infarctions (SBI) at two years (aOR 4.33, p = 0.040). Conclusions: The prolonged use of ILR confirms its essential role in the follow-up of post-ESUS patients, highlighting high rates of AF and late clinical recurrences. The time interval between AHRE detection and cerebrovascular recurrences supports the paradigm that subclinical arrhythmia does not act as an acute embolic trigger, but rather represents the epiphenomenon of a progressive atrial cardiopathy. Although it does not necessarily induce significant acute functional disability, the arrhythmic burden leads to an over fourfold increase in the silent ischemic brain lesion burden. These findings support the abandonment of acute empirical anticoagulation in favor of a tailored and precision therapeutic approach, actively guided by the monitoring of arrhythmic burden and end-organ damage.
Presupposti e scopo: L’Ictus Embolico di Origine Indeterminata (ESUS) è associato a un elevato rischio di recidiva ischemica cerebrovascolare. Il riscontro di Episodi Atriali ad Alta Frequenza (AHRE) tramite sistemi di monitoraggio cardiaco continuo rappresenta un noto marcatore di rischio tromboembolico, sebbene l’effettivo impatto patogenetico e prognostico a lungo termine sia tuttora oggetto di dibattito scientifico. Lo scopo del presente studio osservazionale retrospettivo è quello di analizzare l'impatto clinico degli AHRE, rilevati mediante Implantable Loop Recorder (ILR), in una coorte di pazienti con pregresso ESUS, valutandone l'incidenza sullo sviluppo di Fibrillazione Atriale (FA) e sugli outcome clinici, funzionali e neuroradiologici a lungo termine. Metodi: È stata condotta un'analisi retrospettiva su 164 pazienti ricoverati per ESUS e sottoposti a impianto di ILR tra il 2018 e il 2023. Il follow-up neurologico e cardiologico è avvenuto a 90 giorni, 180 giorni e 2 anni dall'evento indice. Gli outcome secondari indagati includevano la recidiva di ictus ischemico, la mortalità globale, l'insorgenza di eventi cardiovascolari maggiori non cerebrovascolari (non-stroke MACE) e il grado di disabilità funzionale misurato tramite la modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Inoltre, in un sottogruppo di 75 pazienti asintomatici per recidive cerebrovascolari, è stata eseguita un'analisi esploratoria mediante Risonanza Magnetica (RM) a 2 anni per identificare lo sviluppo di Infarti Cerebrali Silenti (SBI). Le variabili predittive sono state valutate attraverso analisi di sopravvivenza (Kaplan-Meier), modelli di regressione di Cox e regressione logistica multivariata. Risultati: Su un follow-up mediano di 1323 giorni, episodi di AHRE sono stati diagnosticati nel 24.4% dei pazienti (n=40). Il rilevamento globale di FA ha raggiunto il 31.7%. La presenza di AHRE si è dimostrata un predittore di rischio indipendente per la successiva diagnosi di FA (aHR 1.87, p = 0.049), con la durata (burden) dell'episodio aritmico emersa all'analisi multivariata come unico predittore indipendente di conversione. A due anni, il tasso globale di recidiva clinica ischemica è stato del 14.2%. Nello specifico, il sottogruppo AHRE+ ha evidenziato un rischio significativamente superiore di recidiva tardiva rispetto ai controlli (aOR 3.83, p = 0.05), con curve di incidenza cumulativa caratterizzate da una netta divergenza a 2 anni di distanza dall’evento indice. Non sono state osservate differenze statisticamente significative relative alla mortalità, ai MACE non-stroke o all'esito funzionale macroscopico misurato tramite shift analysis della distribuzione dei punteggi mRS. L'analisi neuroradiologica ha tuttavia rivelato un dato peculiare: la positività per AHRE si è configurata come un forte predittore indipendente per lo sviluppo di nuove lesioni ischemiche silenti (SBI) a due anni (aOR 4.33, p = 0.040). Conclusioni: L'utilizzo prolungato dell'ILR si conferma essenziale nel follow-up del paziente post-ESUS, evidenziando tassi elevati di FA e recidive cliniche tardive. L’intervallo temporale tra il rilevamento dell'AHRE e le recidive cerebrovascolari supporta il paradigma per cui l'aritmia subclinica non agisca come un trigger embolico acuto, bensì costituisca l'epifenomeno di una cardiomiopatia atriale progressiva. Inoltre, pur non inducendo una disabilità funzionale acuta significativa, il burden aritmico determina un aumento di oltre quattro volte del carico lesivo ischemico silente a livello cerebrale. Tali evidenze supportano l'abbandono della terapia anticoagulante empirica in acuto in favore di un approccio terapeutico sartoriale e di precisione, guidato attivamente dal monitoraggio del carico aritmico e del danno d'organo.
Monitoraggio prolungato con Loop Recorder post Ictus Embolico Criptogenico: l'impatto degli AHRE.
REPACI, STEFANO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background and Aims: Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) is associated with a high risk of recurrent ischemic stroke. The detection of Atrial High-Rate Episodes (AHRE) through continuous cardiac monitoring systems is a known marker of thromboembolic risk, although its actual pathogenetic and long-term prognostic impact remains a matter of scientific debate. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to analyze the clinical impact of AHREs, detected by Implantable Loop Recorders (ILR), in a cohort of patients with previous ESUS, evaluating their impact on the development of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and on long-term clinical, functional, and neuroradiological outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 164 patients hospitalized for ESUS who underwent ILR implantation between 2018 and 2023. Neurological and cardiological follow-ups were performed at 90 days, 180 days, and 2 years from the index event. The secondary outcomes investigated included recurrent ischemic stroke, all-cause mortality, the occurrence of major non-cerebrovascular adverse cardiac events (non-stroke MACE), and the degree of functional disability measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Furthermore, in a subgroup of 75 patients without symptomatic cerebrovascular recurrences, an exploratory analysis was performed using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at 2 years to identify the development of Silent Brain Infarctions (SBI). Predictive variables were evaluated using survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier), Cox regression models, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Over a median follow-up of 1323 days, AHRE episodes were diagnosed in 24.4% of the patients (n=40). The overall detection rate of AF reached 31.7%. The presence of AHRE proved to be an independent risk predictor for the subsequent diagnosis of AF (aHR 1.87, p = 0.049), with the duration (burden) of the arrhythmic episode emerging as the only independent predictor of conversion in the multivariate analysis. At two years, the overall clinical ischemic recurrence rate was 14.2%. Specifically, the AHRE+ subgroup showed a significantly higher risk of late recurrence compared to controls (aOR 3.83, p = 0.05), with cumulative incidence curves characterized by a clear divergence 2 years after the index event. No statistically significant differences were observed regarding mortality, non-stroke MACE, or overall functional outcome, as assessed by a shift analysis of the mRS score distribution. However, the neuroradiological analysis revealed a peculiar finding: AHRE positivity acted as a strong independent predictor for the development of new silent brain infarctions (SBI) at two years (aOR 4.33, p = 0.040). Conclusions: The prolonged use of ILR confirms its essential role in the follow-up of post-ESUS patients, highlighting high rates of AF and late clinical recurrences. The time interval between AHRE detection and cerebrovascular recurrences supports the paradigm that subclinical arrhythmia does not act as an acute embolic trigger, but rather represents the epiphenomenon of a progressive atrial cardiopathy. Although it does not necessarily induce significant acute functional disability, the arrhythmic burden leads to an over fourfold increase in the silent ischemic brain lesion burden. These findings support the abandonment of acute empirical anticoagulation in favor of a tailored and precision therapeutic approach, actively guided by the monitoring of arrhythmic burden and end-organ damage.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109423