Dento-skeletal malocclusions present a high prevalence on a global scale. The large pool of affected subjects has driven a steady evolution of surgical techniques and preoperative planning protocols, aimed not only at restoring functional occlusion and skeletal stability, but also at optimizing facial aesthetics. Within this scenario, the advent of modern three-dimensional scanning technologies has opened new frontiers in the study of post-surgical superficial soft tissues, making it possible to thoroughly investigate their biological plasticity over the long term in order to refine therapeutic planning and clinical counseling. This study aims to investigate the remodeling patterns of facial soft tissues following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery using 3D stereophotogrammetry, seeking stable biometric constants in the kinetics of tissue healing. In parallel, the work aims to evaluate the integration of this non-invasive technology into the routine clinical-surgical workflow as a tool to increase the predictability of postoperative aesthetic outcomes. From this perspective, the core of the project lies in the creation and preliminary validation of an experimental facial analysis software based on Statistical Shape Modeling (SSM) algorithms. The study examined a cohort of ten patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, monitored through serial stereophotogrammetric scans performed preoperatively and at one, three, six, and twelve months postoperatively. From the processing of the three-dimensional models (meshes), colorimetric deviation maps were generated to evaluate the global morphological evolution of superficial soft tissues. Simultaneously, a focal analysis on the spatial coordinates of multiple facial landmarks over time was conducted, both manually and in an automated manner using the experimental software. Finally, the obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis to identify reproducible and constant patterns in the vectors of tissue healing and settling, as well as compared across platforms to verify their concordance, in order to preliminarily validate the experimental application. Colorimetric maps highlighted statistically significant global volumetric variations up to twelve months after surgery. Landmark-based analysis demonstrated asynchronous settling: the labrale superius, pronasale, and zygomatic points stabilized at six months, whereas the pogonion exhibited minor fluctuations, with significant variations limited to the first three months. The intercommissural width remained stable and unaffected by surgical modifications, while the interalar width showed a peculiar trend characterized by an immediate significant increase, followed by temporary stability and progressive regression at twelve months, returning to values close to (but not identical) to the preoperative baseline. Regarding the comparison of results between the two software platforms, the calculation of the overall Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient demonstrated good-to-high levels of agreement across all measurements, with excellent levels of statistical significance. The study allowed for a deeper understanding of the kinetic response of facial soft tissues, highlighting a region-specific asynchronous settling and confirming the characteristic and reversible evolution of the interalar width at the one-year follow-up. Overall, the gathered evidence contributes to increasing predictive accuracy, optimizing postoperative counseling, and refining surgical containment techniques. The methodological foundations established in the creation and application of the experimental software proved effective, warranting further investigation and future development. In perspective, expanding the patient cohort and extending the follow-up period will enhance the robustness of the collected evidence and further advance research in this field.
Le malocclusioni dento-scheletriche presentano un’elevata prevalenza su scala globale. L’ampio bacino di soggetti affetti ha guidato una costante evoluzione delle tecniche chirurgiche e dei protocolli di pianificazione preoperatoria. In questo scenario, l’avvento delle moderne tecnologie di scansione tridimensionale ha aperto nuove frontiere nello studio dei tessuti molli superficiali post-chirurgici, consentendo di approfondirne la plasticità biologica nel lungo periodo al fine di perfezionare la programmazione terapeutica e il counseling clinico. Lo studio si propone di indagare mediante stereofotogrammetria 3D i pattern di rimodellamento dei tessuti molli facciali a seguito di chirurgia ortognatica bimascellare, ricercando costanti biometriche stabili nella cinetica di guarigione tissutale. Parallelamente, il lavoro mira a valutare l’integrazione di questa tecnologia non invasiva nel workflow clinico-chirurgico ordinario, quale strumento per incrementare la prevedibilità dei risultati estetici postoperatori. In questo contesto, un obiettivo centrale è stato la creazione e validazione preliminare di un software sperimentale di analisi facciale basato su algoritmi di Statistical Shape Modelling (SSM). Lo studio ha preso in esame una coorte di dieci pazienti sottoposti a chirurgia ortognatica bimascellare, monitorati mediante scansioni stereofotogrammetriche seriate eseguite in fase preoperatoria e a uno, tre, sei e dodici mesi postoperatori. Dall’elaborazione dei modelli tridimensionali sono state generate mappe di deviazione colorimetrica per valutare l’evoluzione morfologica globale dei tessuti molli superficiali. Contestualmente, è stata condotta un’analisi focale sulle coordinate spaziali di molteplici landmark facciali nel tempo, sia manualmente, sia in maniera automatizzata tramite il software sperimentale. I dati ottenuti sono stati infine sottoposti ad analisi statistica per identificare pattern riproducibili e costanti nei vettori di guarigione e assestamento tissutale, nonché confrontati tra le piattaforme per verificarne la concordanza, al fine di validare preliminarmente l’applicativo sperimentale. Le mappe colorimetriche hanno evidenziato variazioni volumetriche globali statisticamente significative fino a dodici mesi dall’intervento. L’analisi puntuale dei landmark ha mostrato un assestamento asincrono: i punti labrale superius, pronasale e punti zigomatici si sono stabilizzati a sei mesi, mentre il pogonion ha registrato una minor fluttuazione, con variazioni significative limitate ai primi tre mesi. La larghezza intercommissurale è risultata stabile e non influenzata dalle modifiche chirurgiche, mentre la larghezza interalare ha mostrato un andamento peculiare, caratterizzato da un incremento significativo immediato, seguito da una temporanea stabilità e da una progressiva regressione a dodici mesi, con un ritorno a valori prossimi, seppur non sovrapponibili, a quelli preoperatori. Per quanto concerne il confronto dei risultati tra le due piattaforme utilizzate, il calcolo del coefficiente di correlazione globale di Spearman ha mostrato livelli di concordanza da buoni ad elevati per tutte le misurazioni effettuate, con ottimi livelli di significatività. Lo studio ha permesso di approfondire la risposta cinetica dei tessuti molli facciali, evidenziandone un assestamento asincrono distretto-specifico e confermando l’evoluzione caratteristica e reversibile della larghezza interalare al controllo annuale. Nel complesso, le evidenze raccolte contribuiscono a incrementare l’accuratezza predittiva, ottimizzando il counseling postoperatorio e perfezionando le tecniche chirurgiche di contenimento. Le basi metodologiche poste nella creazione ed applicazione del software sperimentale si sono dimostrate efficaci e meritevoli di approfondimento e sviluppo futuri.
Analisi tridimensionale del rimodellamento dei tessuti molli nel paziente ortognatico: uno studio stereofotogrammetrico seriato
ZANELLATO, MASSIMILIANO
2025/2026
Abstract
Dento-skeletal malocclusions present a high prevalence on a global scale. The large pool of affected subjects has driven a steady evolution of surgical techniques and preoperative planning protocols, aimed not only at restoring functional occlusion and skeletal stability, but also at optimizing facial aesthetics. Within this scenario, the advent of modern three-dimensional scanning technologies has opened new frontiers in the study of post-surgical superficial soft tissues, making it possible to thoroughly investigate their biological plasticity over the long term in order to refine therapeutic planning and clinical counseling. This study aims to investigate the remodeling patterns of facial soft tissues following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery using 3D stereophotogrammetry, seeking stable biometric constants in the kinetics of tissue healing. In parallel, the work aims to evaluate the integration of this non-invasive technology into the routine clinical-surgical workflow as a tool to increase the predictability of postoperative aesthetic outcomes. From this perspective, the core of the project lies in the creation and preliminary validation of an experimental facial analysis software based on Statistical Shape Modeling (SSM) algorithms. The study examined a cohort of ten patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, monitored through serial stereophotogrammetric scans performed preoperatively and at one, three, six, and twelve months postoperatively. From the processing of the three-dimensional models (meshes), colorimetric deviation maps were generated to evaluate the global morphological evolution of superficial soft tissues. Simultaneously, a focal analysis on the spatial coordinates of multiple facial landmarks over time was conducted, both manually and in an automated manner using the experimental software. Finally, the obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis to identify reproducible and constant patterns in the vectors of tissue healing and settling, as well as compared across platforms to verify their concordance, in order to preliminarily validate the experimental application. Colorimetric maps highlighted statistically significant global volumetric variations up to twelve months after surgery. Landmark-based analysis demonstrated asynchronous settling: the labrale superius, pronasale, and zygomatic points stabilized at six months, whereas the pogonion exhibited minor fluctuations, with significant variations limited to the first three months. The intercommissural width remained stable and unaffected by surgical modifications, while the interalar width showed a peculiar trend characterized by an immediate significant increase, followed by temporary stability and progressive regression at twelve months, returning to values close to (but not identical) to the preoperative baseline. Regarding the comparison of results between the two software platforms, the calculation of the overall Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient demonstrated good-to-high levels of agreement across all measurements, with excellent levels of statistical significance. The study allowed for a deeper understanding of the kinetic response of facial soft tissues, highlighting a region-specific asynchronous settling and confirming the characteristic and reversible evolution of the interalar width at the one-year follow-up. Overall, the gathered evidence contributes to increasing predictive accuracy, optimizing postoperative counseling, and refining surgical containment techniques. The methodological foundations established in the creation and application of the experimental software proved effective, warranting further investigation and future development. In perspective, expanding the patient cohort and extending the follow-up period will enhance the robustness of the collected evidence and further advance research in this field.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109424