Background. Posterior instrumented spinal fusion is used to treat degenerative disorders, spinal deformities, traumatic injuries, neoplastic diseases and infections. The lumbosacral junction is a biomechanically demanding region and is particularly susceptible to screw loosening and implant failure. In complex cases, fixation may be extended from the sacrum to the ilium to increase distal stability; however, the effect of pelvic extension on the overall risk of complications remains incompletely defined. Objectives. The primary objective was to evaluate the frequency and temporal distribution of major complications after posterior instrumented fusion involving the lumbosacral junction and to compare constructs with and without iliac fixation. Further objectives were to explore the relationship between pelvic incidence (PI) and complications and to assess the potential roles of age, primary versus revision surgery, construct length and documented osteoporosis or osteopenia. Materials and methods. This retrospective single-center study included 307 consecutive patients who underwent posterior thoracolumbosacral, lumbosacral or spinopelvic instrumented fusion at Padua University Hospital between 2015 and 2025. The endpoint was the time from the procedure to the first clinically relevant major complication. Major complication-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Groups were compared using the log-rank test and unadjusted hazard ratios. The relationships between complications and preoperative PI, postoperative PI and perioperative PI changes were explored graphically. Results. The cohort included 159 women and 148 men, with a mean age of 63.8 ± 14.0 years. The construct did not extend to the ilium in 258 patients, while 49 patients underwent iliac fixation. Major complications were documented in 59 patients (19.2%). Major complication-free survival was 88.0% at 1 year, 70.2% at 4 years and 61.7% at 5 years. Major complications occurred in 30.6% of patients with iliac fixation and in 17.1% of those without pelvic extension. Iliac fixation was associated with a higher unadjusted hazard of major complications (HR 2.65; 95% CI 1.26–5.57; p = 0.010). Constructs involving six or more fixation levels had a higher complication rate than constructs involving five or fewer levels (29.8% vs 13.0%; HR 1.87; 95% CI 1.11–3.16; p = 0.020). The strongest association was observed for documented osteoporosis or osteopenia (34.0% vs 12.7%; HR 2.62; 95% CI 1.52–4.51; p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were identified according to age greater than 60 years or primary versus revision surgery. Graphical analysis did not reveal a clear relationship between PI and major complications. Discussion. The progressive decline in complication-free survival indicates that a clinically relevant proportion of events occurred during medium- and long-term follow-up. The associations observed for iliac fixation and longer constructs do not demonstrate a causal effect, as these strategies are generally required in patients with greater clinical and biomechanical complexity. Reduced bone quality provides a plausible mechanism for impaired screw purchase and fusion. Interpretation is limited by the retrospective design, unadjusted analyses and the lack of fully standardized PI measurements. Conclusion. Iliac fixation, constructs involving six or more fixation levels and documented osteoporosis or osteopenia were associated with a higher unadjusted hazard of major complications. These findings do not support avoiding pelvic fixation when biomechanically required, but identify a higher-risk population that may benefit from careful construct planning, preoperative assessment and optimization of bone health and prolonged postoperative surveillance. Further studies using standardized radiological measurements and multivariable analyses are required to identify independent predictors of complications.
Presupposti dello studio. L’artrodesi vertebrale posteriore è utilizzata nel trattamento di patologie degenerative, deformità, traumi, neoplasie e infezioni della colonna. La giunzione lombosacrale rappresenta una regione biomeccanicamente critica, esposta a mobilizzazione delle viti e rottura degli impianti. Nei casi complessi, la fissazione può essere estesa all’ileo per aumentare la stabilità distale; tuttavia, l’impatto di tale estensione sul rischio complessivo di complicanze non è completamente definito. Obiettivi. Lo studio ha valutato frequenza e distribuzione temporale delle complicanze maggiori dopo artrodesi posteriore coinvolgente la giunzione lombosacrale, confrontando costrutti con e senza fissazione iliaca. Sono stati inoltre analizzati il possibile ruolo della pelvic incidence (PI), dell’età, della chirurgia primaria o di revisione, della lunghezza del costrutto e di osteoporosi o osteopenia. Materiali e metodi. È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo monocentrico su 307 pazienti sottoposti ad artrodesi posteriore strumentata toracolombosacrale, lombosacrale o spinopelvica presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera dell’Università di Padova tra il 2015 e il 2025. L’endpoint era il tempo alla prima complicanza maggiore clinicamente rilevante. La sopravvivenza libera da complicanze è stata stimata con metodo di Kaplan–Meier; i gruppi sono stati confrontati con log-rank test e hazard ratio non aggiustati. La relazione tra PI e complicanze è stata esplorata graficamente. Risultati. La coorte comprendeva 159 donne e 148 uomini, con età media di 63,8 ± 14,0 anni. In 258 pazienti il costrutto non si estendeva all’ileo, mentre 49 erano stati sottoposti a fissazione iliaca. Complicanze maggiori sono state documentate in 59 pazienti (19,2%). La sopravvivenza libera da complicanze era dell’88,0% a 1 anno e del 70,2% a 4 anni. Le complicanze si sono verificate nel 30,6% dei pazienti con fissazione iliaca e nel 17,1% senza estensione pelvica (HR 2,65; IC 95% 1,26–5,57; p = 0,010). I costrutti con almeno sei livelli presentavano più complicanze rispetto a quelli di cinque livelli o meno (29,8% vs 13,0%; HR 1,87; IC 95% 1,11–3,16; p = 0,020). Osteoporosi o osteopenia erano associate alla differenza più marcata (34,0% vs 12,7%; HR 2,62; IC 95% 1,52–4,51; p < 0,001). Non sono emerse differenze significative per età >60 anni o chirurgia primaria/revisione, né una chiara relazione grafica tra PI e complicanze. Discussione. La progressiva riduzione della sopravvivenza libera da complicanze indica che una quota rilevante degli eventi compare nel medio-lungo termine. Le associazioni osservate per fissazione iliaca e costrutti lunghi non dimostrano causalità, poiché tali strategie sono generalmente utilizzate nei casi caratterizzati da maggiore complessità biomeccanica e clinica. La ridotta qualità ossea rappresenta invece un meccanismo plausibilmente correlato alla compromissione della presa delle viti e della fusione. L’interpretazione è limitata dal disegno retrospettivo, dalle analisi non aggiustate e dalla misurazione non completamente standardizzata della PI. Conclusioni. Fissazione iliaca, costrutti comprendenti almeno sei livelli e osteoporosi/osteopenia erano associati a un maggiore hazard non aggiustato di complicanze maggiori. Questi risultati non giustificano l’esclusione della fissazione pelvica quando biomeccanicamente necessaria, ma identificano una popolazione che potrebbe beneficiare di pianificazione accurata, ottimizzazione preoperatoria della qualità ossea e follow-up prolungato. Sono necessari studi con misurazioni radiologiche standardizzate e analisi multivariate per identificare i fattori di rischio indipendenti.
Fissazione sacrale o iliaca negli interventi di artrodesi vertebrale toraco-lombare: analisi retrospettiva monocentrica con confronto clinico e radiologico
SCHIAVO, LORENZO
2025/2026
Abstract
Background. Posterior instrumented spinal fusion is used to treat degenerative disorders, spinal deformities, traumatic injuries, neoplastic diseases and infections. The lumbosacral junction is a biomechanically demanding region and is particularly susceptible to screw loosening and implant failure. In complex cases, fixation may be extended from the sacrum to the ilium to increase distal stability; however, the effect of pelvic extension on the overall risk of complications remains incompletely defined. Objectives. The primary objective was to evaluate the frequency and temporal distribution of major complications after posterior instrumented fusion involving the lumbosacral junction and to compare constructs with and without iliac fixation. Further objectives were to explore the relationship between pelvic incidence (PI) and complications and to assess the potential roles of age, primary versus revision surgery, construct length and documented osteoporosis or osteopenia. Materials and methods. This retrospective single-center study included 307 consecutive patients who underwent posterior thoracolumbosacral, lumbosacral or spinopelvic instrumented fusion at Padua University Hospital between 2015 and 2025. The endpoint was the time from the procedure to the first clinically relevant major complication. Major complication-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Groups were compared using the log-rank test and unadjusted hazard ratios. The relationships between complications and preoperative PI, postoperative PI and perioperative PI changes were explored graphically. Results. The cohort included 159 women and 148 men, with a mean age of 63.8 ± 14.0 years. The construct did not extend to the ilium in 258 patients, while 49 patients underwent iliac fixation. Major complications were documented in 59 patients (19.2%). Major complication-free survival was 88.0% at 1 year, 70.2% at 4 years and 61.7% at 5 years. Major complications occurred in 30.6% of patients with iliac fixation and in 17.1% of those without pelvic extension. Iliac fixation was associated with a higher unadjusted hazard of major complications (HR 2.65; 95% CI 1.26–5.57; p = 0.010). Constructs involving six or more fixation levels had a higher complication rate than constructs involving five or fewer levels (29.8% vs 13.0%; HR 1.87; 95% CI 1.11–3.16; p = 0.020). The strongest association was observed for documented osteoporosis or osteopenia (34.0% vs 12.7%; HR 2.62; 95% CI 1.52–4.51; p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were identified according to age greater than 60 years or primary versus revision surgery. Graphical analysis did not reveal a clear relationship between PI and major complications. Discussion. The progressive decline in complication-free survival indicates that a clinically relevant proportion of events occurred during medium- and long-term follow-up. The associations observed for iliac fixation and longer constructs do not demonstrate a causal effect, as these strategies are generally required in patients with greater clinical and biomechanical complexity. Reduced bone quality provides a plausible mechanism for impaired screw purchase and fusion. Interpretation is limited by the retrospective design, unadjusted analyses and the lack of fully standardized PI measurements. Conclusion. Iliac fixation, constructs involving six or more fixation levels and documented osteoporosis or osteopenia were associated with a higher unadjusted hazard of major complications. These findings do not support avoiding pelvic fixation when biomechanically required, but identify a higher-risk population that may benefit from careful construct planning, preoperative assessment and optimization of bone health and prolonged postoperative surveillance. Further studies using standardized radiological measurements and multivariable analyses are required to identify independent predictors of complications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109427