The digital revolution and the pervasiveness of social networks have radically transformed the way we communicate, relate to one another, and interpret social reality. Within this virtual ecosystem, memes have emerged as a universal language, becoming one of the most popular communication formats. Due to their immediate nature, they offer lighthearted and seemingly harmless entertainment. However, behind this ironic façade lie complex dynamics capable of conveying prejudice in elusive forms. While literature has frequently focused on more explicit forms of online discrimination or the impact of overtly offensive memes, there is now a pressing need to investigate a much more veiled type of irony. The core theme of this thesis is situated within this context: Benign Stereotype Humor. Unlike the better-known disparagement humor—which aims to overtly ridicule an individual or a group to assert the superiority of one's own—benign humor utilizes stereotypes by presenting them in an innocuous, affectionate, playful, and socially acceptable manner. The strength and potential danger of this phenomenon lie precisely in its capacity to normalize prejudice without ever appearing overtly aggressive or hostile. By masking the offense, benign humor operates in a manner closely resembling benevolent prejudice or benevolent sexism: malevolent intent vanishes behind a falsely positive tone, fostering a playful and uncritical approach (the so-called cavalier humor). This leads users to fail to recognize the potential psychological and social harms of the joke on the target group, viewing humor as a safe haven, entirely free from moral concerns. Grounded in these theoretical coordinates, the objective of this study is to explore the nature and effects of media representations based on Benign Stereotype Humor, focusing specifically on Internet memes. This work aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of how this benevolent irony interacts with social dynamics, examining whether exposure to such representations contributes to maintaining or even increasing pre-existing stereotypes and prejudices. This dynamic will be investigated by exploring the effects of humor from two perspectives: on the one hand, toward members of the outgroup (in terms of masked discrimination); on the other hand, within one's own ingroup, questioning the role of self-deprecation as a potential tool for the reclamation and control of the stereotypes themselves.
La rivoluzione digitale e la pervasività dei social network hanno trasformato radicalmente il nostro modo di comunicare, relazionarci e interpretare la realtà sociale. All'interno di questo ecosistema virtuale, i meme si sono imposti come un linguaggio universale, diventando uno dei formati comunicativi più popolari. Grazie alla loro natura immediata, essi offrono un intrattenimento leggero e apparentemente innocuo. Tuttavia, proprio dietro questa facciata ironica, si nascondono dinamiche complesse capaci di veicolare pregiudizi in forme sfuggenti. Se la letteratura si è spesso concentrata sulle forme di discriminazione online più esplicite o sull'impatto dei meme apertamente offensivi, oggi emerge la necessità di indagare un'ironia molto più velata. È in questo scenario che si inserisce il tema centrale del presente lavoro di tesi: il Benign Stereotype Humor (umorismo stereotipato benigno). A differenza del più noto disparagement humor (l'umorismo denigratorio volto a ridicolizzare apertamente una persona o un gruppo per affermare la superiorità del proprio) l'umorismo benigno utilizza gli stereotipi presentandoli in una veste innocua, affettuosa, scherzosa e socialmente accettabile. La forza e la potenziale pericolosità di questo fenomeno risiedono proprio nella sua capacità di normalizzare il pregiudizio senza mai risultare apertamente aggressivo o ostile. Mascherando l'offesa, l'umorismo benigno agisce in modo molto simile al pregiudizio o al sessismo benevolo: l'intento malevolo scompare dietro un tono falsamente positivo, favorendo un approccio giocoso e acritico (il cosiddetto Cavalier humor) che porta gli utenti a non riconoscere i potenziali danni psicologici e sociali della battuta sul gruppo bersaglio, guardando all’umorismo come un territorio franco, libero da preoccupazioni morali. Partendo da queste coordinate teoriche, l'obiettivo di questo elaborato è esplorare la natura e gli effetti delle rappresentazioni mediatiche basate sul Benign Stereotype Humor, concentrandosi in particolar modo sui meme di internet. Il lavoro si propone di fornire un'analisi ampia su come questa ironia benevola interagisca con le dinamiche sociali, verificando se l'esposizione a tali rappresentazioni contribuisca a conservare o persino ad aumentare gli stereotipi e i pregiudizi preesistenti. Tale dinamica verrà indagata esplorando gli effetti dell'umorismo in due direzioni: da un lato, verso i membri dell'outgroup (in termini di discriminazione mascherata); dall'altro, all'interno del proprio ingroup, interrogandosi sul ruolo dell'autoironia come possibile strumento per la riappropriazione e il controllo degli stereotipi stessi.
Umorismo stereotipico nelle rappresentazioni mediatiche: uno studio sulle percezioni di ingroup e outgroup
MENNUTI, GIOVANNI
2025/2026
Abstract
The digital revolution and the pervasiveness of social networks have radically transformed the way we communicate, relate to one another, and interpret social reality. Within this virtual ecosystem, memes have emerged as a universal language, becoming one of the most popular communication formats. Due to their immediate nature, they offer lighthearted and seemingly harmless entertainment. However, behind this ironic façade lie complex dynamics capable of conveying prejudice in elusive forms. While literature has frequently focused on more explicit forms of online discrimination or the impact of overtly offensive memes, there is now a pressing need to investigate a much more veiled type of irony. The core theme of this thesis is situated within this context: Benign Stereotype Humor. Unlike the better-known disparagement humor—which aims to overtly ridicule an individual or a group to assert the superiority of one's own—benign humor utilizes stereotypes by presenting them in an innocuous, affectionate, playful, and socially acceptable manner. The strength and potential danger of this phenomenon lie precisely in its capacity to normalize prejudice without ever appearing overtly aggressive or hostile. By masking the offense, benign humor operates in a manner closely resembling benevolent prejudice or benevolent sexism: malevolent intent vanishes behind a falsely positive tone, fostering a playful and uncritical approach (the so-called cavalier humor). This leads users to fail to recognize the potential psychological and social harms of the joke on the target group, viewing humor as a safe haven, entirely free from moral concerns. Grounded in these theoretical coordinates, the objective of this study is to explore the nature and effects of media representations based on Benign Stereotype Humor, focusing specifically on Internet memes. This work aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of how this benevolent irony interacts with social dynamics, examining whether exposure to such representations contributes to maintaining or even increasing pre-existing stereotypes and prejudices. This dynamic will be investigated by exploring the effects of humor from two perspectives: on the one hand, toward members of the outgroup (in terms of masked discrimination); on the other hand, within one's own ingroup, questioning the role of self-deprecation as a potential tool for the reclamation and control of the stereotypes themselves.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109745