Background: Pemphigus comprises a group of rare, potentially fatal, organ-specific autoimmune diseases characterized by the formation of blisters and erosions affecting the skin and mucous membranes. The most common and severe variant is Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV), which exhibits an incidence ranging from 0.76 to 32 cases per million inhabitants; it predominantly affects individuals between 45 and 65 years of age, with a higher susceptibility in females. PV is characterized by the loss of intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes, a phenomenon known as acantholysis. This process is driven by the production of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies directed against the desmosomal proteins Desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) and Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3). Clinically, it presents with flaccid, fragile vesicles that progress into painful, slow-healing erosions. Involvement of the oral mucosa is frequently the onset sign, preceding cutaneous manifestations that typically affect the trunk, scalp, and intertriginous areas. The current therapeutic approach aims at symptom control and relapse prevention. Although systemic corticosteroids remain the mainstay of first-line therapy, modern management increasingly utilizes adjuvant immunosuppressive agents (Azathioprine, Mycophenolate Mofetil) and, more recently, the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab. The latter has revolutionized the prognosis of the disease by significantly reducing the pool of autoreactive B lymphocytes and lowering the morbidity associated with prolonged steroid use. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to investigate whether a correlation exists between Dsg1 and Dsg3 autoantibody titers measured at diagnosis and the clinical response to therapy—defined as complete remission, partial response, or poor disease control—in a cohort of subjects affected by pemphigus vulgaris. Consequently, the study evaluates whether Dsg1 and Dsg3 titers measured at diagnosis can be considered indicators of treatment response to assist in choosing the most effective therapeutic strategy. Materials and methods: This single-center, retrospective study was conducted on a cohort of 54 patients affected by pemphigus vulgaris, who were monitored at the Dermatology Clinic of the University Hospital of Padua. Results: Out of 54 patients, 74.1% achieved a complete response and 25.9% a partial response. Comparison of baseline antibody titers between the two groups showed no statistically significant differences for either anti-Dsg1 (p = 0.788) or anti-Dsg3 (p = 0.745). Consistently, univariate binary logistic regression models confirmed the absence of an isolated predictive power on therapeutic response for both biomarkers, with Odds Ratios close to unity for both anti-Dsg1 (OR = 0.997; p = 0.549) and anti-Dsg3 (OR = 0.998; p = 0.620) Conclusions: Baseline serological levels of anti-Dsg1 and anti-Dsg3 lack an isolated predictive value in Pemphigus Vulgaris, supporting a clinical management guided by the patient's phenotype rather than laboratory findings alone. Future longitudinal and multi-parametric studies on larger sample sizes will be necessary to develop personalized prognostic models.
Background: Il Pemfigo comprende un gruppo di patologie autoimmuni organo-specifiche rare e potenzialmente fatali, caratterizzate dalla formazione di bolle ed erosioni a carico di cute e mucose. La variante più comune e severa è quella del Pemfigo Volgare (PV) che ha un’incidenza variabile tra 0.76-32 casi/milione di abitanti e colpisce prevalentemente soggetti tra 45 e 65 anni con una maggiore suscettibilità nel sesso femminile. Il PV è caratterizzato dalla perdita di adesione intercellulare tra i cheratinociti, nota come acantolisi. Tale fenomeno è dovuto alla produzione di autoanticorpi IgG diretti contro le proteine desmosomiali Desmogleina 1 (Dsg1) e Desmogleina3 (Dsg3). Dal punto di vista clinico si manifesta con vescicole flaccide e fragili che evolvono in erosioni dolore a lenta guarigione. Il coinvolgimento della mucosa orale è spesso il segno d’esordio, precedendo le manifestazioni cutanee che interessano tipicamente tronco, cuoio capelluto e aree intertriginose. L’approccio terapeutico attuale mira al controllo della sintomatologia e alla prevenzione delle recidive. Sebbene i corticosteroidi sistemici rimangano il cardine della terapia di prima linea, la gestione moderna si avvale sempre più di agenti immunosoppressori adiuvanti (Azatioprina, Micofenolato Mofetile) e, più recentemente, dell'anticorpo monoclonale anti-CD20 Rituximab, che ha rivoluzionato la prognosi della malattia riducendo significativamente la quota di linfociti B autoreattivi e la morbilità associata all'uso prolungato di steroidi. Scopo dello studio: Lo scopo dello studio è capire se esista una correlazione tra il titolo anticorpale anti-Dsg1 e anti-Dsg3 misurato alla diagnosi e la risposta clinica alla terapia intesa come remissione completa o risposta parziale o scarso controllo di malattia in un campione di soggetti affetti da pemfigo volgare e, quindi, se il titolo di anti-Dsg1 e anti-Dsg3 alla diagnosi possa essere considerato un indicatore di risposta alla terapia utile alla scelta del trattamento più efficace. Materiali e metodi: Lo studio monocentrico retrospettivo è stato eseguito su un campione di 54 pazienti affetti da pemfigo volgare e seguiti presso la Clinica Dermatologica dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova. Risultati: Su 54 pazienti, il 74.1% ha ottenuto una risposta completa e il 25.9% una risposta parziale. Il confronto dei titoli anticorpali basali tra i due gruppi non ha mostrato differenze statisticamente significative sia per anti-Dsg1 (p = 0.788) che per anti-Dsg3 (p = 0.745). Coerentemente, i modelli di regressione logistica binaria univariata hanno confermato l'assenza di un potere predittivo isolato sulla risposta terapeutica per entrambi i biomarcatori, con Odds Ratio prossimi all'unità sia per anti-Dsg1 (OR = 0.997; p = 0.549) sia per anti-Dsg3 (OR = 0.998; p = 0.620). Conclusioni: I livelli sierologici iniziali di anti-Dsg1 e anti-Dsg3 non hanno un valore predittivo isolato nel Pemfigo Volgare, supportando una gestione clinica guidata dal fenotipo del paziente piuttosto che dal solo dato di laboratorio. Futuri studi longitudinali e multi-parametrici su campioni più ampi saranno necessari per sviluppare modelli prognostici personalizzati.
Pemfigo Volgare: correlazione tra titolo anticorpale anti-Dsg1 e anti-Dsg3 alla diagnosi e risposta alla terapia
BOSCHETTI, LUCA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Pemphigus comprises a group of rare, potentially fatal, organ-specific autoimmune diseases characterized by the formation of blisters and erosions affecting the skin and mucous membranes. The most common and severe variant is Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV), which exhibits an incidence ranging from 0.76 to 32 cases per million inhabitants; it predominantly affects individuals between 45 and 65 years of age, with a higher susceptibility in females. PV is characterized by the loss of intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes, a phenomenon known as acantholysis. This process is driven by the production of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies directed against the desmosomal proteins Desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) and Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3). Clinically, it presents with flaccid, fragile vesicles that progress into painful, slow-healing erosions. Involvement of the oral mucosa is frequently the onset sign, preceding cutaneous manifestations that typically affect the trunk, scalp, and intertriginous areas. The current therapeutic approach aims at symptom control and relapse prevention. Although systemic corticosteroids remain the mainstay of first-line therapy, modern management increasingly utilizes adjuvant immunosuppressive agents (Azathioprine, Mycophenolate Mofetil) and, more recently, the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab. The latter has revolutionized the prognosis of the disease by significantly reducing the pool of autoreactive B lymphocytes and lowering the morbidity associated with prolonged steroid use. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to investigate whether a correlation exists between Dsg1 and Dsg3 autoantibody titers measured at diagnosis and the clinical response to therapy—defined as complete remission, partial response, or poor disease control—in a cohort of subjects affected by pemphigus vulgaris. Consequently, the study evaluates whether Dsg1 and Dsg3 titers measured at diagnosis can be considered indicators of treatment response to assist in choosing the most effective therapeutic strategy. Materials and methods: This single-center, retrospective study was conducted on a cohort of 54 patients affected by pemphigus vulgaris, who were monitored at the Dermatology Clinic of the University Hospital of Padua. Results: Out of 54 patients, 74.1% achieved a complete response and 25.9% a partial response. Comparison of baseline antibody titers between the two groups showed no statistically significant differences for either anti-Dsg1 (p = 0.788) or anti-Dsg3 (p = 0.745). Consistently, univariate binary logistic regression models confirmed the absence of an isolated predictive power on therapeutic response for both biomarkers, with Odds Ratios close to unity for both anti-Dsg1 (OR = 0.997; p = 0.549) and anti-Dsg3 (OR = 0.998; p = 0.620) Conclusions: Baseline serological levels of anti-Dsg1 and anti-Dsg3 lack an isolated predictive value in Pemphigus Vulgaris, supporting a clinical management guided by the patient's phenotype rather than laboratory findings alone. Future longitudinal and multi-parametric studies on larger sample sizes will be necessary to develop personalized prognostic models.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109869